Patterns Withing Systems of Linear Equations Math Problem

Patterns Withing Systems of Linear Equations - Math Problem Example The usual letter for the unknown number is. A real problem can be written as: This is called an equation because there is a sign. In order to find the value of the unknown number, algebra’s rules can do whatever it likes to this equation as long as it does the same to both sides of the equation. So far it has had equation with a single unknown number. What if it has two unknown numbers? In fact, an equation with two unknown has an infinite numbers of pairs of answer. To fix a single pair of number as the answer, it needs another equation. A pair of equation, each with two unknown numbers is called simultaneous equations. They can be solved together to give the values for the unknowns that satisfy both equations simultaneously. This paper contains a mathematical research about systems of linear equation when their coefficients obey arithmetic or geometric progressions. An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers where each number is a certain among larger than the previo us one. The numbers in the sequence are said to increase by a common difference, d. For example: is an arithmetic progression where the. The term of this sequence is. On the other hand, a geometric progression is a sequence where each number is times larger than the previous one. is known as the common ratio of the progression. The term of a geometric progression, where is the first term and is the common ratio, is: . For example, in the following geometric progression, the first term is , and the common ratio is : the term is therefore. The purpose of this portfolio is to show how with the aid of technology using appropriate computer software likes Autograph and Maxima packages (see Figure 1) is quick and easy to get graphical representations of algebraic equations. Thus, how in many situations, the graphs offers much more insight into the problem than does the algebra. Part A will consider the patterns within systems of linear equations:, where and are in arithmetic progression. W hile, in Part B the same coefficients obey geometric progression. Part A. System of linear equations formed with arithmetic progressions. Arithmetic progressions In algebra, letters are used in place of numbers that are not known. The usual letter for the unknown numbers are or . . The numbers are constants in an equation, for example: For instance in the above equation, and are known as constants in the equation. It says that the constant and form a arithmetic progression if they have a common difference, such as: Constants in a system of linear equations Given the system of linear equations. The coefficients are detected as follow: Examining the first equation, it sees a pattern in the constants of the equation. i.e. is the constant preceding the variable , and precede and the equation equals 3. The constant have a common dif

International Tax Havens And Money Laundering

International Tax Havens And Money Laundering Introduction Layering is the procedure of sorting out the capital gained from illegal actions from their source using different levels of composite fiscal transactions, for instance changing cash into travellers checks, shares, investments, or acquiring expensive assets, for example painting or jewellery. 4 Introduction In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes. Benjamin Franklin (1789) Cited in Sharon (2009), p333 International tax havens and money laundering is becoming a major issue in the current world economy. A tax haven country is a place where certain taxes are levied at a small rate or does not exist. People and/or businesses can find it smart to move into those places which will create tax competition amongst governments which also include illegal activities such as profits gained from unfair trading or frauds in a companys accounts and corruption. Goerke (2008) study shows that there is a negative relationship between tax havens and corruption. This is because a country with tax evasion policies, the normal tax rate has to be high in order to generate the same level of income as a country with no tax evasion policy. High tax rate has a tendency to ease corruption. In the UK, Her Majesties Royal Court (HMRC) is trying to gain access to details of overseas accounts of UK citizens in tax havens countries (Riem, 2009). The Financial Times in July 2008, reported the Swiss bank UBS will no hold have overseas account for U.S. citizens following a law suit by the U.S. government in May, 2008 (GFIP, 2009). The US Treasury has lost on an annual basis around US $ 100 billions in revenue because of the accounts held in tax haven countries. The U.S. congress introduced the Stop Tax Haven Abuse Act (STHAA) in March 2009 which includes a list of tax haven countries. Companies are planning to move away from the place where the Act is in force. The Italian Finance Minister, Guilio Tremonti had the fight against tax haven countries as his main priority in the G-8  [1]  summit in Aquila in July 2009. Money laundering is the procedure to cover the correct source, possession, route and use of capital, largely gained from illicit actions with the intend of making appear is was obtained legally. There are three main ways of doing this, namely: placement, layering and integration (Shehu, 2003). Placement occurs when an individual deposits money gained from illegal activities into financial services providers such as banks. Layering is the procedure of sorting out the capital gained from illegal actions from their source using different levels of composite fiscal transactions, for instance changing cash into travellers checks, shares, investments, or acquiring expensive assets, for example painting or jewellery. Integration is when an individual uses legal means to hide illicit money, therefore leaving the illegal funds to be distributed back to criminals. These can take the form of fake import/export invoices. Advantages and Disadvantages of International Tax Havens and Money Laundering Offshore financial institution offers access to steady political and economic matters. This is advantageous to the residents who lives in areas of political turmoil who fear their assets may be frozen. Some banks operate at a low cost base and provide high interest rates than what is legal in the home country due to the lack of government interference in the affairs. Money laundering in remote islands and countries helps increase the economy growth. The services of offshore banks are advantageous when compared to domestic banks, they offer number of bank accounts, risk is based on high and low rates of investments. Some individuals have specific tax advantages because these banks are linked to other offshore companies, trust or foundations. However, through money laundering the banks have been involved to help terrorist groups, crime gangs, and other state and non-state actors. Money laundering encourages tax evasion, by helping them deposit their hidden income in an attractive place. Access to offshore banks are difficult as they operate in far distant places. Yet accounts can be created by online and other modes, a country such as India finds it difficult to deal with the issue of money travelling in and out without restrictions. Offshore accounts aid this money, and this can cause financial problems in the country. The charge to uphold these accounts is possible by the high earners . The tax load falls for the middle income group. Also the people who earn more are left to pay more taxes to facilitate the economy. Acquisition, possession or use of property, knowing at the time of receipt that such property was derived from criminal activity or from an act of participation in such activity (Lockett, 1999). Government review fiscal transactions to make sure the work is carried out properly on the administrative side, prevent welfare and other benefits fraud, prevent money laundering and to detect any other illicit doings (World Bank Institute, 2008). These advantages, however, government employees gaining access to these data and other individual might misuse these financial data (World Bank Institute, 2008). These advantages, however, government employees gaining access to these data and other individual might misuse these financial data (World Bank Institute, 2008). People who are involved in trying to hide or transfer properties that are used for criminal purposes will face legal sanctions (Lockett, 1999). For instance, these properties may be used for drugs dealing, hide dirty money, and any other criminal activities. Global Overview International tax havens and money laundering is having a global impact. For instance, in India, money laundering is become a huge problem as money generated from illegal activities, such as crimes, terrorism and drug-trafficking, is instantly transferred to tax havens countries such as Switzerland. India are made up of tax havens, laws allowing secrecy, disguised corporations, anonymous trust accounts, fake foundations and assorted money laundering mechanisms which are designed to move money and keep hidden their sources (Financial Times, 2009). The local government and authorities, for instance, the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, seems to have no interest investigating into the matter. Even during the G-20 meeting in London (2009), the Indian representative though this topic would be out of line when actually tax haven countries and money laundering was making the headlines. In February 2009, an Indian newspaper reports that several Indian ministers visited Switzerland on private voyage. (Vaidyanathan, 2009) Kar and Cartwright-Smith (2008) in a report for the Global Financial Integrity (GFI) that illicit financial outflow from India for the period 2002-2006 was on an average low of US $ 22.7 billions and high of US $ 27.3 billions per year ranking India as the 5th largest outflow of illegal money outflow in the world. These come from mainly second hand goods markets which are not accounted for and largely processed by a financial service provide named Hawala Bank. Hawala Bank is a financial services provider which is unlicensed and therefore under no government authority. The financial institution accept money in all its form in one country and pays out in another country but does not find it important to keep proper records of clients and transactions. Their main trading activity is transferring money from developed countries into the Middle East and North Africa where the firm originated. Institution trading often goes through Pakistan; Dubai and Africa countries such as Nigeria before reaching the customer as a means to protect the privacy of clients and that is the main reason is it use for money laundering as shown in Appendix 1. No studies manage to analyse the amount of money traded by the company but it is believed that Hawala bankers are hugely involve for tax evasion and money laundering. Since it has no legal obligation, preventing them from trading is almost impossible as it is done in an informal way. (van de Bunt, 2008) As compared to this, Italy is showing a great concern in tax haven countries and money laundering. Italy has the highest corporate tax rate in Europe as shown in Appendix 2 which triggers Italian base companies to send profits in tax haven countries. De Mooij Ederveen and Dharmapala (2008) argued that company profits and income is more responsive to taxes that where the company or individual is situated. On 3 October 2009, the Italian government granted a grace period for company and individuals to return profits from tax haven countries for a small charge of 5% of the capital. They expect around US $ 148bn to flow back in the country generating tax revenue of US $ 7bn mostly from Switzerland as in the pass, the later was responsible for 58.3% of inflows of profits from overseas. The Finance Minister of Italy, Guilio Tremonti, said in an interview in July 2009: The true benefit of this measure is that it will close Ali Babas cave and measures are useless if they leave tax havens open. Financial Times (16 July, 2009) In 2008, Giulio Tremonti made the account of all Italian tax payers available online which was on of his approach to track incomes of Italian tax payers. Scherer Salzano (2008) discussed that this would not help the government as it could induce financial crime as private details of individuals such as income earned and address were made public and consequently the website was closed. Furthermore, some countries enjoy labelling themselves as tax haven countries such as the Caribbean Islands. However, offshore financial services firms prefer to promote themselves as wealth management centre. A recent approximation by the Tax Justice Network (2009), show that around a third of the worlds assets is held in these countries (i.e. US $ 11.5 trillion). Countries such as France, UK and Holland have no interest in to crack down these tax haven countries as many of them form part of the colonies. Nevertheless, following the September 11 attack, the U.S. government wants to eliminate these countries tax policies as it prompts money laundering therefore helping terrorist groups. Their main targets in the Caribbean are Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Guatemala, and Panama. This is because these countries have slack financial authorities which benefit money laundering. Caribbean islands are consequently joining force to establish guidelines to combat money laundering mainly because of world regulators (Rosdol, 2007). Legal Side and Policies Since the 9/11 incident there has been an interest and growing concern for the rules and regulations made against serious crimes including money laundering and tax havens. The Indian government took advantage of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) sanction threats against tax havens and money laundering. They took a hard look at the countrys Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements focusing on restricting the outflow of clack money and adopting measures to arrest anyone involved within the country. In their urge to stop black money funding growth, the Indian government began a negotiation with Switzerland to help release their infamous secrecy laws and share data on tax evasion cases. Since OECD drives against tax havens, many countries have started to sign international standards on transparency and exchange of information. For instance the Cayman Islands have recently signed a joint agreement with seven other countries, which allows them to exchange information on tax matters unilaterally. If similar agreements like the one Caymans Island took were taken by India, it would allow tax authorities to track down tax evaders and money launderers by gaining access to financial information that are hidden. (Basu, 2009) Before the 2008 tax haven and money laundering laws caused a lot of conflict with the Caymans and U.S, however political stability, strict and clear regulations has helped the country escape the OECD clampdown on tax havens. Financial services comprise around 40% of GDP and have made the Caymans the worlds fifth largest financial centre. Strict laws against money laundering got the Caymans removed from the Financial Action Task Force blacklist in 2001 but since then they have maintained a good relationship with the main hosted banks. Regulations in the Cayman Island are provided by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority, which also manage their currency. (Oxford Economic Country Briefings, 2008) In the Bahamas the government is considering introducing VAT, but this is a challenge for them as the country has built their fortunes on their tax haven status. The financial sector has undergone a deep transformation recently, since they brought down the reputation by introducing all surrounding anti-money laundering legislations. (Oxford Economic Country Briefings, 2008) The Financing and Money Services Act was enforced by the British Virgin Islands (BVI) in November 2009. The aim of this act is to make sure BVI laws and regulations are on the same level with international regulations and policies to fight money laundering and financing of terrorist. A board will be setup following the act to monitor licensing, regulation and supervision of financial services provided in the BVI, which will also include reviewing firms which do not comply with the law (Heath, 2009). There are number of offences which now these financial services providers will have to be line with so as not to break the law, otherwise fines can go up to US $ 60,000 applicable for offenders. U.S. Policies on International Tax Havens and Money Laundering The approach of U.S. law enforcement and regulatory agencies have faced relatively remarkable changes over the past decade such that money laundering and tax havens have been now operated as a primary issue. This change in approach and focus has brought improvement regarding tax havens and money laundering. The assessment of Obamas policies consolidates a tremendous amount of information in this perspective. In May 2009, president Obama presented a set of proposals focusing at international tax policies. The objective of Obama is to eradicate the benefits for those companies and well off individuals that transfer their cash in offshore accounts. He described the current system as: a tax code that says you should pay lower taxes if you create a job in Bangalore, India, than if you create one in Buffalo, New York. The key feature of this proposal is to restrict the companies which are exempted of tax payments on profits earned offshore. The plan of administration is to keep a strict hold on those companies which are not paying their taxes in U.S. pretending that they paid a huge amount of foreign taxes. During his presidential campaign Obamas party promise to work on tax havens and money laundering ACT. In February 2009, he said in a conference: We need to simplify a monstrous tax code that is far too complicated for most Americans to understand, but just complicated enough for the insiders who know how to game the system, finally ending the tax break for corporations that ship our jobs overseas. U.S. President Barack Obama This was his outmost priorities in a speech to the Congress that he guarantees to make the tax code more reasonable. According to the white house Mr. Obama is trying to close the international tax gaps. Companies which are investing in foreign countries and creating job opportunities overseas, will loose their tax advantages as planned by the U.S. President, companies which are creating job opportunities in U.S. will be offered tax advantages with incentives. The President and Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner proposal of tax policy could help in increasing revenue over next year. The estimated income according to the studies carried out is US $ 210 billion. However, this proposal has some drawbacks and has been opposed by several business communities. Congressional leaders, in March 2009, suggested that this change in tax code result in making USA companies less competitive around the business globe. About 200 companies and trade associations, including Microsoft Corp., General Electric Co. and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, collectively signed a letter stating that the following changes to the tax code would set them at a disadvantage with their competitors. This proposal faced considerable opposition by democrats who are hugely represented in senate creating a bug opposite for President Obama. During his election campaign Obama criticised the tax code policy as American companies deferring their tax liabilities on corporate profits. According to democrats the profit earning by overseas investment allows American companies to invest this money in their foreign subsidiaries operations. The loophole which is not covered by Obamas policy is transfer pricing. Transfer pricing is the biggest source of tax avoidance in corporate America. An economics professor at Rutgers, (Altshuler, 2009), called transfer pricing the elephant in the room as it is a major problem which was not addressed under Obamas proposal. According to Ernst Young, reforms in Obamas policy for outsourcing have no affect on offshore corporate companies. By creating separate business entity these offshore corporations can contract with entity to outsource the job. Obama tax reforms have faced a lot of criticism from critics and the leaders in senate but the only purpose of these tax reforms is to encourage the U.S companies to invest locally to create more job opportunities for Americans. The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) said that after evaluating the benefits of outsourcing in India, if the cost of revenue is lower than the tax paid by multinational companies in USA. They would stop investing in foreign subsidiaries. To pursue the dream, Obamas administration announces their budget policy for the year 2011 which is increasing the tax on richest individuals and decreasing taxes for the individuals earning less. Individuals earning more than $200,000 have to face increment of US $ 970billion tax on their earnings. For businesses there is an addition of US $ 400 billion. Conclusion From research a number of laws and regulations have been put in place to improve tax haven and money laundering crimes however, most of the countries still manage to avoid those regulations and laws. In future many countries have decided it is best they work together to put together laws and regulations to decrease the crimes in the financial system if not like India it could become part of their economy and may be difficult to resolve in the future. The Caribbeans, India and Italy have undertaken the laws and regulations of the OECD. They undermine the legal economy because money laundering affects normal competitive conditions of markets which is a threat to the efficiency and stability of each countrys financial system. In Italy the prevention of money laundering plays a strategic role in fighting crime and is based in the Anti-Money Laundering (AML) requirements which are: Customer due diligence Record-keeping requirements concerning business relationships and occasional transactions Adoption of adequate organisational procedures and internal control measures Suspicious-transaction reporting. On the other hand, financial privacy is has to be accounted for before deciding whether to investigate a persons account and income which may end up on morality issues. With all the measure enforced recently and future prospects, tax evaders may want to consider paying the taxes rather than being sued for fraud for moving money to tax haven countries (Economist, 2009). Money laundering is a different case however as however strict the laws are, governments do no any proper knowledge on the amount of illegal paper money circulating. This capital flows to tax haven countries and they are the one who have to have laws in place to determine the origin of this money. The Swiss Ambassador in India, H.E. Mr Philippe Welti, said: Switzerland was accused of giving shelter to black money and there has been a lot of inflow of such wealth from India and other countries of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I would not say it would be stopped 100% (under a new law). But through this measure, it would be controlled up to a certain limit. Cited by Vaidyanathan (2009, DNA Read the World [Online]) The capita lost in money laundering can be gained back if there if a political will as shown in the case of Nigeria, Italy, Philippines and Israel (Vaidyanathan, 2009). References and Bibliography [n.k], (2008), Oxford Economic Country Briefings. Oxford, p1-4. [n.k]. [n.d] Advantages and disadvantages of offshore banking [Online]. [n.k]. Available from: http://www.nomad4ever.com/2006/11/26/advantages-disadvantages-of-offshore-banking/ [Accessed 30 January 2010]. Baker, R. (2009). India shows us the curse of black money [Online]. Available: http://www.gfip.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=205. [Accessed 29 January 2010]. Bank of Italy. [n.d]. Prevention of money laundering [Online]. Available from: http://www.bancaditalia.it/UIF/prev-ricic;internalaction=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en [Accessed 25 January 2010]. Basu, I. (2009). India tries to tame tax havens [Online]. Available from: http://www.upiasia.com/Economics/2009/07/01/india_tries_to_tame_tax_havens/5024/ [Accessed 25 January 2010]. Brevik, F. and Gà ¤rtner, M. (2008). Can tax evasion tame Leviathan governments?. Public Choice. 136, p103-122. Browning, L. (2009). Obama Plan Leaves One Path to Lower Taxes Wide Open [Online]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/business/05shelter.html/?_r=2. [Accessed 22 January 2010]. 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(2008), Illicit Financial Inflows from Developing Countries: 2002-2006. Washington D.C: Global Financial Integrity. Knosalla, K. (2009). Tax Havens, Evasion and Banking Secrecy: A Review of the State of Financial Privacy vs. Financial Transparency. London School of Economics. Unpublished. Lockett, N. (1999) European Business Review. Legal Perspectives on Digital Money in Europe. 99(4), 238-239. Malkin, A. (2009). G20 Communiquà © Catalogue on Tax Havens and Money Laundering, 1999-2009 [Online]. Available from: http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/analysis/taxhavens.html. [Accessed 24 November 2009]. MSNBC. (2009). Obama pledges to simplify the tax code [Online]. Available from: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30228444/ [Accessed 01 February 2010]. Oak, R. (2009). Obamas Offshore Outsourcing Corporate Tax Code Change has no impact on offshore outsourcing vendors [Online]. 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Journal of Money Laundering Control. 7 (2), p175. Spencer, D. (2009). Cross-Border Tax Evasion AND BRETTON WOODS II. Journal of International Taxation. 20 (10), p44-53. Tanenbaum, E. (2009). US Inbound: Stop Tax Haven Abuse Act has broad implications [Online]. Available from: http://www.internationaltaxreview.com/?Page=10PUBID=35ISS=25409SID=720491TYPE=20. [Accessed 29 January 2010]. Tax Justice Network. (2009). Corruption and the Offshore [Online]. Available from: http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/front_content.php?idcat=100à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹â€ =1client=1. [Accessed 30 January 2010]. The Economist. (2009). Finance And Economics: Haven hypocrisy; The G20 and tax [Online]. Available from: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?Ver=1Exp=11-17-2014FMT=7DID=1668199651RQT=309clientId=28275. [Accessed 23 January 2010]. TODAYOnline. (2010). Obama seeks $2.7 trillion tax rise on rich, businesses as well as tax cuts for working families [Online]. Available from: http://www.todayonline.com/Business/EDC100202-0000134/Seeking-a-balanced-tax-code [Accessed 02 February 2010]. Vaidyanathan, R. (2009), Tax Havens and Illegal Funds of India [Online]. Available from: http://www.iisc.ernet.in/prasthu/pages/PP_data/104.pdf [Accessed 25 January 2010]. Vaidyanathan, R. (2009). Illegal Indian money in tax havens: The way we debate it [Online]. Available from: http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:_I_4shq-SSsJ:janamejayan.wordpress.com/2009/04/23/illegal-indian-money-in-tax-havens-the-way-we-debate-it/+tax+haven+legislation+in+hawalacd=5hl=enct=clnkgl=uk. [Accessed 23 January 2010]. van de Bunt, H. (2008). A case study on the misuse of Hawala banking. International Journal of Social Economics. 35 (9), p691-702. World Bank Institute (2008). Anti-money Laundering Literature Search Technology [Online]. [n.k]. Available from: siteresources.worldbank.org/PSGLP/Resources//aml_technology.pdf. [Accessed 30 January 2010]. Zeleny, F. (2009). 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Candide Essay -- essays research papers

Candide Wealth and great materialistic possession brings happiness and success to most people’s lives. Although wealth does not always bring happiness, El Dorado was one society where all it’s inhabitants lived lives full of success and happiness. In Candide, wealth proved to guarantee a person a step forward in life and some sense of freedom. Sometimes when one lives in an environment consisting of total equality, one may prefer to leave and go to a different place where they would be considered superior and everyone else inferior to them. The people of El Dorado were so wealthy that they abused the things that they possessed that others would cherish. The children proved this when they were playing at quoits covered with tattered garments of the richest brocade. It is obvious to see that they were so rich that the quoits did not have any significant meaning to them. We were able to see this when upon having to return back to school they left the quoits on the ground a long with their other playthings. Candide was surprised to find out that an adult schoolmaster would do the exact same when given these quoits which consisted of gold and precious stones. Candide realized that these children must have been those of a king and he said, " The king’s children in this country must have an excellent education, since they are taught to show such a contempt for gold and precious stones." (49). Another way in which we saw that they were very wealthy was the fact that the common pebbles of their highways were large gold pieces, houses were built of silver and gold, the antechamber was incrusted with rubies and emeralds. I feel that this was not very appropriate. Just because they were wealthy does not mean that the money should be wasted in such a way as to build a highway of these expensive stones, when it could be substituted with a much less expensive material. El Dorado was a place where everyone was extremely happy and satisfied with wh at they possessed. This place was seen as heaven on earth. It represented a cultural wealth. Everyone here was a priest and priests were considered to be pleasant happy beings. We clearly saw that Cacambo and Candide were very satisfied with their stay here when they said, "Possibly this is that part of the globe where everything is right for there must certainly be some such place." (50). They ... ...aressed the Theatin with so much fondness, that I absolutely thought you as happy as you say you are now miserable." (67). In my opinion Voltaire was trying to emphasize that there are two different kinds of people in this world, the wealthy and the not so wealthy. I do not feel that he was trying to say that all the time but instead that more than half of the time those who are wealthy live happier and more advanced lives than those less fortunate. In Candide, wealth can get a person anything or person they wanted. The less fortunate had to obey and abide by the rules of those more powerful to them. It was almost like they were slaves to their masters. The wealthy were able to buy their happiness, as the masters and residents of El Dorado did. This is not only proven in Candide. By looking at the real world and our everyday lives we can agree with this theory. It is not hard to see that the famous millionaires in this world live in great beautiful places full of luxuries, a nd those that are poor such as the homeless have to get by day by day with no or very little food and shelter. In conclusion, wealth brings most people happiness and pride but only to a certain extent.

Clinical Practice Essay

Clinical practice is of outmost significance because this is the site where students can turn theory into practice, students can interact with patients and families, and face the real world of medicine. It is significant and useful to reflect upon assessment practices to evaluate students in clinical setting. For this purpose, this paper analyzes three articles relevant to the clinical practices by the nursing students, and the role they should play outside the classroom, and who should evaluate them in the clinical setting. This paper also features suggestions and recommendations derived from the reflections and analyses made on the articles reviewed. Article one. The ongoing search for best practice in clinical teaching and learning: A model of nursing students’ evolution to proficient novice registered nurses. This article by Edgecombe and Bowden (2009) features current search to implement best practices in clinical teaching and identifies those positive and negative elemen ts as well as the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that make an impact on nursing students’ learning process, and their development and growing process from students to proficient novice nurses Rns. The study was conducted at Flinders University in Adelaide, South Australia, and involved 111 students. A model was created intending to assist students in their transformation from students to RNs, the Dedicated Education Unit (DEU) model was designed as an innovative approach for clinical teaching. This approach focuses on the specific use of the clinical setting available for learning practices in health settings such as mental health centers, acute medical departments, and surgical wards or community health organizations. The DEU follows the principles of adult learning of modifying, relearning, and replacing knowledge, skills, strategies and values through experience gained, and reflections made (Edgecombe & Bowden, 2009). The DEU foundational philosophy relies on the sound relationships between clinicians and academicists, valuing their contributions aimed at establishing the optimal learning environment for nursing students. Also valuing nursing students’ views. The model described in the article might have influences on the development of future curriculums, upgrading of staff and on different approaches used to place staff in adequate positions. The model can also serve to do research works intended to the teaching and learning process in the realm of nursing educ ation (Edgecombe & Bowden, 2009). Among the elements analyzed in this article, the authors highlighted  the emphasis students placed on the importance of belonging to a place, to feeling valued and trusted. These positive feelings, greatly influence the students’ learning processes. However, when a student feels isolated, neglected from the regular clinical staff or heavily or unfairly critized or scoffed at his/her performance, these actions have a negative impact on the learning stage at this specific clinical setting (Edgecombe & Bowden, 2009). It is important to observe tha bulling, and lateral violence at the workplace exist in some hospitals and health settings, as indicated by Broome and Williams (2011), especially with novice nurses or new nurses when they begin working for the first time in a clinical setting. In this regard, Broome and Williams (2011) state that in some health care settings the problem takes place when some experierenced nurses complaining about novice nurses’ performance, and the lateral violence develops in different ways and causes serious impacts on the victims. Dellasega (2009) considers that lateral violence manifests in cover or overt verb al and non verbal aggression episodes. Reflecting upon these topics among the negative effects that a toxic environment may cause to nursing students as indicated above by Edgecombe and Bowden, (2009), the author of this paper also believe that bullying and lateral violence can also create a harmful atmosphere for the learning process among students who develop their practices in a clinical setting. Article 2. Developing a successful nursing objective structured clinical examination. This article written by McWilliam and Botwinski (2010) evaluates the basic components for developing relevant and useful nursing objectives in the clinical area for nursing students, but these authors failed to highlight some significant aspects of high-skilled therapeutic work, the importance of interpersonal aptitudes, and blending some key information into practices in clinical settings. The article deals with assessing the clinical skills that students may acquire in different health scenarios. This practice is vital because students can work and learn from different scenarios, patients and diseases (Mcwilliam & Botwinski, 2010). According to Mcwillian & Botwinski (2010), clinical educators should pass on their experience gained to students, and at the same time, should ensure that patients also gain safe nurturing consideration. In achieving these goals, the delivery of clinical instructions should be imbuied of professional ability, proper interpersonal relations, and adequatin g aspects  of temperament. Educators should have a clear idea on the model that may guide them turning a speficic scenario into a learning experience, and also into an evaluative procedure that will be mutually beneficial for the educator and the nursing students. Nurse’s decision-making abilities derived from critical thinking and evidence-based practice have been analyzed by various analysists who have reflected that choice making is a studied skill that nurse educators should teach, but there are few research intended to investigate the choices made by nursing students. If more information of this topic is available, educators will be capable of designing a more proper curriculum that also covers the developing of this attitude geared to teach students how to make better choices (Mcwillian & Botwinski, 2010). The author of this paper believes that tools to furnish the nursing students to develop critical thinking and choice making are a vital part of the curriculum. It is true that not all topics can be covered in a curriculum as stated by Mcwillian and Botwinski (2010), but decision making process and a good guidance are crucial elements of a proper and adequate nursing training in clinical practice. Article three. Evaluation in clinical practice using an innovative model for clinical teachers The article features the Reflective Interaction Analysis in Nursing Education (RIANE) Model which addresses the problems faced by clinical teachers of how to turn information-rich interactions in clinical practice into objective information using a format that provides valuable feedback and helps evaluation. The Model facilitates the translation of the interactions for clinical teachers that occurs on a daily basis with nursing students, recorded in notes for their further use in formative and summative evaluations (Zafir & Nissim, 2011). The article discusses the use of this model in the training of a group of nurses that will become clinical teachers. The RIANE model motivates clinical teachers to see the students’ clinical interactions as another way to contribute to the learning process, as an educational opportunity. It provides certain order in an amount of information difficult to manage by clinical teachers who have to find a way to make this information accessible to students (Zafir & Nissim, 2011). The author of this paper considers that allowing the students to learn from their daily experiences, enabling them to provide feedbacks, and being heard, are great positive contributions for educational purposes in the  clinical setting, and the clinical instructor can keep track of their students by recording notes while the students also render their clinical collaboration. Zafrir and Nissim (2011) believe that the proper role clinical teachers should play is that of guidance, support, inspiration, and facilitating learning. Also these authors consider that an environment of mutual trust and confidence should prevail in supporting students’ process of learning and growth. There are several models for clinical instructors and faculty to evaluate students outside the classroom: The clinical instructor can use the modality of preceptor ,one to one relation, in which an experienced nurse serves as a preceptor for a certain period of time. The clinical teaching associate (CTA) model uses a staff nurse collaborating with a faculty to train a given number of students for clinical practices. The paired model features one-student, one patient model, a variation of the preceptor model, and a student begins clinical practice within specific days supervised by a staff nurse for a practicum experience (Billings and Halsted, 2009). Other models for clinical instructors to evaluate students outside the classroom, and on occasions, jointly with the faculty during their clinical practices are the clinical teaching partnership where a form of collaboration is established, the service institution contributes with a clinical nurse specialist and the university constribut es with a faculty member. Adjunt faculty is another model in which the faculty is a health care professional hired by a service setting in the modality of part-time. This professional can serve in several roles as supervisor, mentor, guest lecturer, and preceptor, and can also render a collaboration in research works (Billings and Halsted, 2009). The role that a student should play in the evaluation process should be that of a student that prepares for the clinical experience, establishes good relationships and exhibits proper communication skills, learns and accepts feedbacks and adapts to the assigned clinical setting and advances in his/her performance. The unsuccessful student in the clinical experience is unprepared for this activity, does not establish communication efficiently, breaks legal and ethical practices, uses practices that are not safe, his/her adaptation to the assigned clinical setting is poor (Lewallen and DeBrew, 2012). The students under a clinical practice can act in the following scenarios: labs, homeless shelters, camps, agencies that render social services often involving interdisciplinary health settings. The clinical teacher-student interaction is a significant part of this practice (Billings & Halsted, 2009). The author of this paper believes that students should embrace this relation, and take a good advantage of this opportunity to learn at large all what is taught by the instructor and assimilate the experience gained while doing the clinical practice, since the student is exposed to several medical situations. Conclusion The three articles reviewed contribute to make a good analysis of the possibilities of evaluating students in clinical settings. The clinical area is significant in training novice nurses because they are in contact with the real world and can interact, not only with patient but with their families and the professional colleagues and other related staff they will be working with during their professional life. The practice in clinical settings enables students also to be more confident in themselves, because after they can apply theory into practice will feel more capable in their profession, and become more autonomous decision makers. The students will have the possi bility to raise their caring abilities, and play more realistic roles based upon their practice.

Human Growth and Development Essay

According to Jean Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development children’s cognitive development formal operations is established at the cognitive development stage of about age 12 to 15 years. This is reflected in the child’s ability to reason adolescence hypothetically and independently on concrete states of affairs, with the structures represented by the logical combination systems. The rates at which children will progress through the development succession developed by Piaget may vary from one culture to the other; in addition, different children vary in terms of the areas of functioning to which they do apply their formal operation, in line with their aptitudes and professional specialization. Therefore, this paper aims at making most of Jean Piaget’s theory of ego-centrism of childhood and adolescent to help figure out the reflection of de-egocentricity which is the essence of child and adolescent development concerned in the film The Outsiders through the character Ponyboy Curtis a 14 year old in the film. The film showcases a clash between two gangs, the greasers and Socs, whereby young adults comprise the gang members as well as their major protagonists. Introducing the Theory of ego-centrism of childhood and adolescence Jean Piaget a Swiss scholar started studying intellectual development in the 1920s, with the theory of ego-centrism of childhood and adolescence being of great importance to Piaget, and especially so in genetic epistemology. According to Piaget, egocentrism is the most striking deficiency that contributes to other intellectual shortcomings. In his definition, Piaget looks at ego-centrism as the tendency to view the world from one’s own perspective and having a difficultly recognizing the other party’s point of view. This condition is mainly caused by the fact that the child will only talk about themselves failing to put he or herself in the others point of  view. This is the case in the first two stages of Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory. The four stages in the theory are the first between birth to 2 years which is the sensor-motor stage, 2 to 7 years the preoperational stage, concrete operational stage between 7 to 11 years, and the final stage consists of formal operations from 11 years and above. Adolescents are observed to be less egocentric than the younger children, this is attributed to the fact that as they grow they become aware of the existence of others existence. Thus, it is believed adolescents gradually abandon egocentrism of children in many aspects. However, it is important to note that when these abilities first develop, adolescents may have a problem distinguishing their thinking from that of the thoughts of others. Therefore, an adolescent may regards others point of view with their own way of think; hence one will tend to think of how others will think of him or herself (Shi, 2014). On the other hand, de-egocentrism is based on Jean Piaget’s theory of ego-centrism of childhood and adolescence. The influence of ego-centrism tends to diminish with the coming of age, that is, adolescents tend to dispose of their ego-centrism along with the coming of age. Thus, the others can look at the process of de-egocentrism as the essence of children and adolescents abandoning their ego-centrism when communicating with each other, trying to appreciate the others point of view and trying to make they be understood (Shi, 2014). De-egocentrism in the film The plot runs by Ponyboy Curtis a young adolescent and a member of the lower-class gang greasers. The Ponyboy lives with his two elder brothers Darrel and Soda. Well Ponyboy seem to prefer Soda to Darrel since the elder Darrel tends to treat him as if he was 6 instead of 14 years. When the Socs gang attacks Ponyboy on his way home, Darrel blames him for not carrying a blade with him. From his point of view, Ponyboy feels Darrel is only blaming him since he is views him as another mouth to find and somebody to shout at. At this point Ponyboy does not understand why Darrel shouts at him, causing a misunderstanding between the brothers portraying Ponyboy’s egocentrism. He  regards Darrel with his own way of thinking, failing to understand him from Darrel point of view. Darrel sacrifices everything to see to it that Ponyboy is successful in life, and believes Ponyboy will never fail to live up to his expectations, however, all these is beyond Ponyboy’s understanding (Ford , 1983). According Shi (2014), Ponyboy’s egocentrism seem to be cast off when the brothers are reunited in the hospital. Ponyboy sees Darrel crying with tears rolling downs his chicks, and he realizes all over sadden that Darrel does care about him as he is trying too hard to make something of his younger brother Ponyboy. It is at this point that Ponyboy accomplishes the task of de-egocentricity through the realization of the importance of understanding others. During this transformation, Ponyboy undergoes a great deal of frustration, by which he realizes the significance of understanding others. With the casting off of his bias against his brother, he manages to distinguish his thinking on his own thoughts, from the thinking about the thoughts of his brother in the process comprehending his brother’s viewpoint. Ponyboy’s egocentrism gives rise to the breakdown of Soda his second brother in the film. Ponyboy might have loved Soda more than anybody else in their family; however, he failed to understand him. When Soda finally breaks, Ponyboy tries to understand Soda’s distress of breaking up with his girlfriend and his dilemma towards his conflicts between Darrel and him. It is from this point that Ponyboy starts attaching great importance to others instead of only himself, in the process giving up his ego-centrism, which his process of de-egocentricity. The brothers get to mature in understanding with the three of them understanding and realizing they ought to stick to together against all odds. Thus, the process of de-egocentricity helps them realize the importance of brotherly affection. Ponyboy and Cherry Valance a cheerleader at the school and the Soc’s leader’s girlfriend enjoy a friendly chart and share some interesting time with Ponyboy. They are both interested in watching the sunsets though from different places. Cherry is from the upper class while Ponyboy is from the  lower class, and despite this difference, they can enjoy the same sunset showcasing a level of de-egocentricity. However, Cherry will not accept Ponyboy as friend in public and evens warns him against it, displaying her ego-centrism. Later own Cherry’s de-egocentrism makes her stand in defense of the greasers when they are attacked by the Socs (Shi, 2014). Socialization Under human growth and development, socialization is a very important aspect. This is a process by which acquire behaviors and beliefs of the culture they live in, and this process is known to bring about three outcomes, which are self regulation allowing one to have self-control. The second outcome is role preparation allowing preparation of occupational and gender roles, and thirdly, is the cultivation of sources of meanings providing consolation and guidance. In the film The Outsiders, Ponyboy undergoes a complete transformation from hoodlums into a promising adolescent who peruses glorious victory through valiant deeds. Thus, socialization means adolescents trying to comply with set social norms which act a turning point in the development of adolescents. Jean Piaget is among the psychologists who believe that peers may contribute as much as an adult or even more to the development of a child or an adolescent (Piaget, 2008). For instance, Johnny is an adolescent as young as Ponyboy, who is seen to be gloomy after being beaten up badly by the Socs. Having been deprived of family affection he seen as the gang’s pet and everyone’s kid brother. Lacking a positive self-identity he is forced to seek self-esteem by identifying with the group ‘the greasers’. Ponyboy and Jonny develop great friendship and they get along well together. When Ponyboy has conflicted with his brothers he runs off to find consolation in Johnny (Shi, 2014). Conclusion De-egocentricity is characterized by the understanding of others among adolescents individuals, which is a reflection of adolescents’ internal coming of age is the processes undergone by Ponyboy. On the other hand, socialization signifies the consciousness of social norms to behave in a way that is acceptable to the society, which is an observable external behavior  of coming of age. Therefore, through a psychoanalytical study The Outsiders reveals a crucial process of young adults’ de-egocentricity and socialization so as their own values and fulfils the task of coming to age as Jean Piaget puts it in his Theory of Cognitive Development. Reference Ford, F., Hinton, S. E., Dillon, M., Macchio, R., Swayze, P., Lowe, R., †¦ & Waldspurger, R. The Outsiders (film). Piaget, J. (2008). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Human Development, 51(1), 40-47. Shi, D. (2014). De-egocentricity and Socialization: A Study of Hinton’s The Outsiders. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(4), 668-674.

Cell Phone essays

Cell Phone essays The Development of Cellular Telephones Have you ever stopped to think what it would was like before we had cell phones? You couldnt just call from your car if you were running late for work, in a wreck, or trying to find directions. Technology is increasing day by day, and going to do nothing but get bigger. With every new bit of technology we get, there are always good and bad to come. Finding these problems is what makes technology interesting. Since a cellular telephone is really a two way radio, you can start tracking cell phone history back to 1876 with the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell(********). In addition, to the telephone there had to be another part this is where the radio invented by Guglielmo Marconi came in 1895(********). A cell phone uses up two frequencies, one for sending your voice out and one which allows one to come in. This is why cell phones are considered two way radios, or full-duplex devices(******) this way more than one person can communicate at a time, instead of a half-duplex for instance a walkie-talkie which only allows one person to talk at a time(******). It was not until 1984 that cell phones were first mass marketed to the public (*notes*). This was a boom in technology as it still continues to rise. Any time any where you could call who ever, where ever you wished. Many service providers used wireless plans. This allowed you to have certain minutes, and ranges whic h you could travel with your phone before roaming. The more you paid the better your plan you could receive. Any time you went over your minutes or out of your area of range they stuck it to you, and it appeared on your bill. As technology grows spontaneously new and improved ideas come out. At the beginning cell phones where very bulky and not many people had them, mostly just the people who had money to blow. Now days you can get a phone that can fit into the palm of your hand, and every one ...

Free Essays on World Trade Center

And so†¦ it has started†¦ â€Å"What?† you will ask. Well, it depends. It depends on the way you look at the world you live in. It depends on how you understand it. It depends on whether you are religious or not. It also depends on whether you are willing to open your eyes to try and see what is happening to the human race in its latest, and, as some predict, last chapter. Some sources, including the Bible, Revelation Book 9, say it is the start of the end of the world, as we know it. Some say it is the start of World War III, as America and its allies, after destroying terrorist sites in Afghanistan, will continue onto other rogue countries and organizations. Opportunists say that it is a great time for the Western world, U.S. in particular, to solidify its might and influence throughout the rest of the world. In fact, looking at the overall image of historical development of world powers, the present times are becoming a fixture of the new civic landscap e {Joe Klein}. After the attacks on September 11th, the unity between American people became obvious. When I look into people’s eyes, walking by, or sitting in my car, crawling in traffic, never before have I seen so much of this ‘something’, something that is warm†¦ something that says ‘Hello, how you doing?’ The crime rate decreased significantly since the attacks. People understand that there’s something large and significant at stake now – our way of life. American flags are everywhere – in windows, on cars, on people’s clothing. Some people even have tattoos, showing their pride. These things demonstrate unity and we feel proud to be who we are. This tragic event has brought our nation much closer together, there is an overwhelming sense of togetherness, and the nationalism that is seen is amazing. But, it’s too bad that, as usual, it takes death to bring people closer together {Special Urbsoc Forum}. During the first week afte... Free Essays on World Trade Center Free Essays on World Trade Center And so†¦ it has started†¦ â€Å"What?† you will ask. Well, it depends. It depends on the way you look at the world you live in. It depends on how you understand it. It depends on whether you are religious or not. It also depends on whether you are willing to open your eyes to try and see what is happening to the human race in its latest, and, as some predict, last chapter. Some sources, including the Bible, Revelation Book 9, say it is the start of the end of the world, as we know it. Some say it is the start of World War III, as America and its allies, after destroying terrorist sites in Afghanistan, will continue onto other rogue countries and organizations. Opportunists say that it is a great time for the Western world, U.S. in particular, to solidify its might and influence throughout the rest of the world. In fact, looking at the overall image of historical development of world powers, the present times are becoming a fixture of the new civic landscap e {Joe Klein}. After the attacks on September 11th, the unity between American people became obvious. When I look into people’s eyes, walking by, or sitting in my car, crawling in traffic, never before have I seen so much of this ‘something’, something that is warm†¦ something that says ‘Hello, how you doing?’ The crime rate decreased significantly since the attacks. People understand that there’s something large and significant at stake now – our way of life. American flags are everywhere – in windows, on cars, on people’s clothing. Some people even have tattoos, showing their pride. These things demonstrate unity and we feel proud to be who we are. This tragic event has brought our nation much closer together, there is an overwhelming sense of togetherness, and the nationalism that is seen is amazing. But, it’s too bad that, as usual, it takes death to bring people closer together {Special Urbsoc Forum}. During the first week afte... Free Essays on World Trade Center Feelings are a part of everything that we do. Feelings are emotions on all events that happen to us. They are what we feel. Think of an event, such as the New York tragedy. Whether we felt confused, shock, sad, scared, angry, or sorrowful, it was due to what had happened. On Sept 11, I was in shock as I heard of the attacks, I felt a great amount of sadness towards the victims, and I was full of anger toward the people behind the attacks. I was in shock as I heard of the attacks on the Twin Towers. I still remember that mournful day. I was awakened by the cold winds coming from my open window. I got up to close the window and saw how the weather was outside. It was a dark and cloudy day. I turned on the TV, and I saw the video footage of the world trade center. My first reaction was this must be from some action movie. Never in my wildest imagination had I thought this would happen. My sister called me and told me the news, and she couldn’t believe it either. I thought that New York was under attack from aliens or something from outer space. I would have never believed that these attacks would be from the hands of another human being. I sat down, body and mind in shock. That day, I didn’t leave my bedroom until nine A.M. Ashcroft said, â€Å"We will rebuild New York. It’s our nature. It’s our spirit.† I was in shocked at the news. Then I felt very sad when I saw the two towers collapsing and killing thousands of people. I thought about the victims in the two towers, their families, and their poor children. I felt sorry for the employees in the World Trade Center, because they were in the wrong place at the wrong time. My deepest regard goes out to the victims’ families, for losing someone special in their lives. I saw a woman on national television crying aloud when she hears of her daughter in the building when the attack happened. As I think deeper, I think about all the children left behind. The chil...

Finding Hidden Writing Jobs

Finding Hidden Writing Jobs Three weeks ago, I landed a job writing $100-a-piece articles for a marketing agency. The recruiter told me I was one of only three people to respond and asked me how I had found her ad that she had deliberately placed in some uncommon corner. I sent her the article, Three Ways To Find Writing Jobs On The Deep Web, that I had once written for FundsforWriters. Three years ago, I collected search engines that crawl the Deep Web in order to find hidden online jobs. The Deep Web represents approximately 3,000 out of 1 web pages according to the science journal Nature, and they are hidden from regular search engines because they are too small, passwords of such pages include Twitter, Behance, Ryze, forums, password-protected business sites, Tumblr, Reddit, or newly-born blogs. I searched for engines that can scour these sites so I could uncover hidden writing jobs. Method I check alternative search engines to see if they retrieve ads for writing jobs. I read books on the Deep Web such as The Invisible Web I copy methods of certain HR recruiters who had devised their own systems for finding hidden opportunities (albeit in the recruiting niche). I also experiment with different keywords and keyword patterns to see which are more likely to produce jobs on different sites. So, for instance, I found that hiring writers or writers wanted works on Tumblr but I use looking for writers for Facebook. These are nine of the top engines that I uncovered. Boardreader   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Youll want to use the Advanced Search to help you make the most of this site. Few engines need as exact keywords as this does. Omgili – Oh My Gosh I Like It really does help you find communities, message boards, and discussion threads on any topic. Type in your keywords (I used looking for freelance _) and access Discussion Posts or Blog Posts. Dotmos.com – It helps you dig news in your field that you may less likely see on the common search engines. I use it for looking for jobs. too. Create Link Socialbearing.com – This engine helps you drill Twitter. Twazzup.com – This is a new all-in-one Twitter search engine. Twitter has other search engines that you can use such as OneRiot and Louis Gray, but the helpful thing about Twazzup is that you can type in whatever interests you and Twazzup returns related content. Smashfuse.com Smashfuse travels Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google+, Pinterest, Vimeo, Tumblr, and Flickr among others. Minuses: The site lacks advanced options. (I add date or country to the keyword or I use general keywords. The latter option is probably best). Blogsearchengine.org – This engine also scours StumbleUpon and delicious giving you two further sites for finding   jobs from Minus: The site lacks advanced options. MeltwaterIceRocket.com – This is one of the most powerful blog search engines. It searches blogs, Twitter, Facebook, and sites on the worldwide web. Webring Find people and groups who share your interest. This group is a cross between LinkedIn and Facebook and is especially helpful for   beginners who want to find contacts or jobs. Freelancers spend money, time, and tears networking, marketing, or cold-calling to escape the competition.  I found an easier, more comfortable way that works just as well: Probing the deep web.

Estimating and Production Decision Making Essay

Estimating and Production Decision Making - Essay Example To get that output, we multiply the mean output per operative week with the size of the gang and efficiency of that gang. For example: For Gang no 1; Mean output per operative week is 0.16, by multiplying this with the size of the gang say 6 and the efficiency of the gang (100%) we get the output per week as 0.16 X 6 X 100% = 0.96. We have calculated the size of the other gangs in the similar way, (assuming output per week of each gang nearer to 0.96, because we have found that cost efficiency is maximum for gang size of 6). The size of the gang thus found is given in red color. .. The size of the gang thus found is given in red color. Gang Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean output per operative week 0.16 0.21 0.16 0.16 0.12 0.12 0.26 0.16 0.11 0.16 Cost per operative week 320 320 335 300 320 320 335 320 315 315 Overheads per Gang week 210 210 215 200 210 210 215 210 205 205 Size of the gang 6 5 6 6 11 11 4 6 12 6 2. Starting of work of any particular gang We have ensured that the preceding gang has completed more than one unit in the week prior to the week we have started the new gang. 3. We have also ensured that after starting a gang, the preceding acitivity is completed at any stage. Working calculations are in excel

The Strengths and Weaknesses of the World Bank as an Agent of Essay

The Strengths and Weaknesses of the World Bank as an Agent of Development - Essay Example The activities of the World Bank emphasize more on its role towards the developing nations, ones which are doing their best to catch on to the bandwagon of the developed nations. The fields that the World Bank focuses upon in these developed nations include human development which can take into concern the subjects related to education and health. The main purpose of World Bank’s creation was to facilitate the activities in the line of the postwar reconstruction. The earliest of loans were thus dedicated in all essence towards the causes of Japan and European nations. The tilt of the World Bank, in the beginning, was thus more on giving away it's funding to the nations which were in the middle of some turbulent times. This did not differentiate on the basis of country’s economic dependency and the respective amounts that it could deliver back to the World Bank in case of economic upheaval. Rather the weight was more on the aspects that were linked with the economic reso urces’ scarcity within the particular country. One of the issues that the World Bank has been persistently focusing its concentration upon is the fact related to the issues that come in line with the endangerment of a particular country’s livelihood. These include the different support programs with respect to HIV and AIDS to name a few. There is particular accent towards the matters related with the reduction of risks in line with the different projects by means of a better system of appraisal as well as different mechanisms are in place to supervise the projects in a better manner. Thus there is a multidimensional approach towards the overall development process. This overall development is in the form of different legal reforms, programs dedicated wholeheartedly towards education and the uplift through short-term activities in the same field, environmental safety programs and concerns including the awareness measures and events.

Business Ethics is an Oxymoron Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Ethics is an Oxymoron - Essay Example Liss then tries to justify this by saying that, these lies are not simply lies but the rules of business hence making it appear as if a business cannot thrive in the absence of lies. Such and similar comments, which a substantial number ascribe to have given rise to a saying that business ethics is an oxymoron. Focus on this particular branch of business studies can be accredited to recent business scandals (Nyberg 2008, p.587). In order to understand that, business ethics is an oxymoron, it is imperative that one defines the meaning of the terms both from a semantic and pragmatic point of view. Semantically they are not opposites hence the oxymoron cannot be an overtone. However, when the contextual pragmatics is taken into consideration, one cannot fail to notice some reasonable degree of logic in the assumption. Business ethics are defined as a critical and structured examination of how people engaged in business should behave in relation to their customers, neighboring society, t he environment labor and any other individuals or institutions likely to be influenced by their action or inactions. This point of view is, {"status":"TOOLBAR_READY", "toolbar":206720000} however, not a true representative of the fats on the ground since business and ethics do not always contradict each other. Nonetheless, several aspects of the business of making the profit directly contradict what is considered moral, or ethical. This paper will discuss what aspects of business practice contradict business ethics using various examples to show the polarity that sometimes exists, but with the view of demonstrating that business and ethics do not have to be in contradiction. This is so since ethics are in existence not to make businesses profitable, but to make it fair for all stakeholders including consumers, the society, employees and competing for business.  

Corporate Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Corporate Planning - Essay Example In the 1930s, after the Great Depression, quality of life management became the most modern phase of CSR where issues of improving societal gain in areas of lifestyle enhancement became the objective of business, government and corporate leadership. As time progresses, economies and specific international regions are recognising new trends in social attitude and consumer behaviour which are driving new and innovative practices for ensuring positive corporate reputation and also satisfying social beliefs on moral and ethical business practices. The historical phases of CSR maintain both strengths and weaknesses, which will be identified in this paper along with discussion of how these historical phases have developed into new CSR objectives in modern society. Additionally, recommendations on implementing effective corporate social responsibility activities in Hong Kong will be identified and discussed. The concepts of social responsibility were largely generated from the American perspective, since this region was essentially a launching pad for industrialism and growth in the late 1800s. â€Å"America in the 19th century was a society of economic scarcity where economic growth and the accumulation of aggregate wealth were primary national goals† (Hay and Gray, 1974, p.136). It was during this period where the business system was considered to be a quality tool for reducing this scarcity, thus the focus of leadership in the corporate environment was to ensure maximisation of profits in order to enhance total economic growth within a region. One weakness of this historical phase is that it did not involve governmental influence when dictating what were acceptable social responsibility policies at the business level, therefore there was no regulatory body to oversee business activities at the internal level. Because of this lack of regulation and legislation, companies were allowed to exploit child labour and provide unsafe working conditions for

The growth in internet use has affected cultures around the world, Essay - 4

The growth in internet use has affected cultures around the world, leading to a westernised, homogenous world culture - Essay Example Triandis (1989) pointed out that other cultures learn from western culture in view of the individualism western conception: collective objectives are surpassed by individual ones implying that individuals are important. This essay will therefore, argue how the Internet use growth has affected many cultures globally, leading to a westernized, homogenous world culture. Furthermore, it will evaluate this claim critically in relation to youth culture, business, and politics. The use of the Internet growth has affected the youth culture globally, leading to a westernized, homogenous world culture. In particular, in the web content development many teenagers tend to be active participants. The capability of the youths as contributors was increased immensely by the web 2.0 dawn. Their capability as contributors was increased to web content and not passive consumers. According to Shim (2007), the association between the youth and media is another development of the internet culture. The varying framework of social media facilitates the establishment of large-scale and ad-hoc as well as formal online communities, where generated content of the user flourishes. With regards to this, the user generated content also created by photographers who share their photos, musicians who publicize their music and bloggers who post news. The reduced cost of distributing materials and of synchronizing innovative efforts facilitate the youth to create their content and toge ther work with others in political, economic, and social activities (Goggin and McLelland, 2009). A lot of youths are getting in expanding and are building relationships with their existing friends. Shim (2007) noted that not all youths are permanently engaged to the internet are committed to productions of contents. Unlike offline interaction, interactions online are not limited to a geographical area. Through the social media, youths are interacting, sharing

Starbucks Coffee Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Starbucks Coffee Company - Essay Example The organizational structure of Starbucks consists of the divisional and functional structures. It is also in a monopolistic competition where there are many coffeehouses competing with each other selling different product lines. A lot of companies are trying to win over Starbucks by developing a good marketing strategy focusing on the product mix and primarily the ambiance. It is the strategy of the company to serve the customers with high-quality products similar to its mission and lessen the expenses through highlighting the controllable expenses. Also, maintaining a good environment of the store is their strategy because it attracts loyal customers. The company focuses on high-margin items at the same time creating sales through additional items. The capital and costs structure of Starbucks falls into a low to average budget in every location and its major investments are the property and most importantly the equipment used in the store. The company yields its primary operating costs on labor or employment and cost sales. Thus, the budget of the company goes into its products and equipment mainly and no costs are allotted to advertise the company separately. Accordingly, the company is confident with its ongoing profitability most especially on doing international business. Other competitors such as McDonald’s, which is adding premium roast coffee on their product line, is not a threat to the company because Starbucks has established its brand to be the largest coffeehouse in the world and produces high- quality products.

The growth in internet use has affected cultures around the world, Essay - 4

The growth in internet use has affected cultures around the world, leading to a westernised, homogenous world culture - Essay Example Triandis (1989) pointed out that other cultures learn from western culture in view of the individualism western conception: collective objectives are surpassed by individual ones implying that individuals are important. This essay will therefore, argue how the Internet use growth has affected many cultures globally, leading to a westernized, homogenous world culture. Furthermore, it will evaluate this claim critically in relation to youth culture, business, and politics. The use of the Internet growth has affected the youth culture globally, leading to a westernized, homogenous world culture. In particular, in the web content development many teenagers tend to be active participants. The capability of the youths as contributors was increased immensely by the web 2.0 dawn. Their capability as contributors was increased to web content and not passive consumers. According to Shim (2007), the association between the youth and media is another development of the internet culture. The varying framework of social media facilitates the establishment of large-scale and ad-hoc as well as formal online communities, where generated content of the user flourishes. With regards to this, the user generated content also created by photographers who share their photos, musicians who publicize their music and bloggers who post news. The reduced cost of distributing materials and of synchronizing innovative efforts facilitate the youth to create their content and toge ther work with others in political, economic, and social activities (Goggin and McLelland, 2009). A lot of youths are getting in expanding and are building relationships with their existing friends. Shim (2007) noted that not all youths are permanently engaged to the internet are committed to productions of contents. Unlike offline interaction, interactions online are not limited to a geographical area. Through the social media, youths are interacting, sharing

Business Ethics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Business Ethics - Coursework Example 1.2.4 Importance of business ethics and morality in the working environment 12 1.3 Problem of Statement 14 1.4 Purpose of the study 14 1.5 Significance of the study 15 1.6 Scope and limitations 15 1.7 Definition of terms 15 1.8 Summary 17 Chapter two 18 Literature review 18 2.1 introduction 18 2.2 history of the research 18 2.3 Review of business Ethics 19 2.4 Business ethics and profitability 24 2.5 Summary 26 Chapter three 27 Research methodology 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Research methods applied 27 3.2.1 Quantitative research methodology 27 3.2.2 Qualitative research methodology 28 3.2.3 Justification for using the quantitative and qualitative research methodology 28 3.3 Techniques of data collection 28 3.3.1 Primary data collection protocols 29 3.3.3 Selected data collection protocols 30 3.4 Theoretical Framework 30 3.4.1 Variables used in the study 30 3.4.2 Rationale for selecting and using the variables selected 32 3.5 Research subjects 32 3.5.1 Research data parameters 32 3.6 Designing the questionnaire 34 3.6.1 Description of the questionnaire used 34 3.6.2 Categories of the question used 35 3.6.3 Sources of information 36 3.7 Conducting interviews 36 The Research Questionnaire 36 The interview questions 40 Questions to the employees 40 Question to the management 41 3.8.1 Collecting information from previous works 42 3.8.2 Company reports 42 3.8.3 Study of governmental guideline and policies 42 3.9 Summary 42 Chapter four 43 Results and Discussions 43 4.1 Results from the questionnaire 43 4.1.1 Size of the firm 43 4.1.2 Management levels/organizational structure 44 Figure 4.1: hierarchical organization structure 44 Figure 4.2: hierarchical organization structure 45 4.1.3 Code of ethics 46 4.1.4 Updating of...Previous study shows that morality and business ethics is not only an important and compulsory part of business success, but also a methods of fostering cooperation and honesty among its workforce as well as encouraging candor towards the societal and philosophical issues about the business responsibility in contributing to the community welfare and Environmental preservation. The researcher in this paper studies the morality of business ethics in a profitable organization. The researcher investigative edge is to determine the effects of morality to the triumph of any organization, determine any incentives given to augment morality in the business environ as well as examine whether ethical issues are mandatory and obligatory for the success and operation of any corporation. Qualitative and quantitative research methods are applied to carefully study the business milieu with the view of drawing a conclusive result on the issue. The researcher also formulated questionnaires and relied on first hand information to investigate the complex aspect of morality in business from a multidimensional view. The term business ethics can be defined as accepted or prescribed code of conduct in the business atmosphere. Ethical principles govern the operations of the business environment and incorporate all aspects of the industry conduct, conduct of individuals and organizations as a whole.

Salem Witch Craft Hysteria History Essay

Salem Witch Craft Hysteria History Essay The age old question Was the Salem witchcraft hysteria a product of womens search for power? is debated that it whether it was or wasnt a product of their search for power. There are many different examples that it was, but if you think about it most of those are not conclusive, because you could easily have many reasons to why those events happened and were caused. The examples that women were do witch craft because they did unexplained activities such as assume odd postures, writher in agony, necks cracked, and more are not true, because those actions are easily explained. For example cracking your neck is common to people who had a sore neck. More of these action like the ones I name have no logic to it if you think about it. Some people will say yes to this question, due to the fact that when Tituba confessed she was a witch, she also said there were others out there, but no one really confessed to being a witch. Most of the accused were either related to some else who was accused or victims of paranoia that enveloped that community. Also some people will say that they were looking for power because most of the accused were women, but most were being accused due to their gender because most women did not have right back then. When the accused had been accused it was due to the fact that they did something thats was uncommon or unheard of. I say no they were not looking for power, because if they were they would not have been living in fear of being accused and would not wait to be accused, but admit that they were witches without fear. You may say that some women like Tituba, did confessed for more power to women, but they probably only said they were because they did not have an explanation to why those acts of witch craft accrued due to the fact that most of those actions were uncommon back then, but did some accepted the accusation just to rebel a little. Also most women probably only did confess like Tituba so they will not have been subjected to harsher punishments. The fits and rampages that had happened out of nowhere were factors in being accused in this time, but the thing is that these rampages were widely spread to not only the humans, but the livestock too. Even some people said that witch craft were the only explanations to these unexplained actions. People mostly only probably said this because back then people were scared of what they did not know and this was the only way they would know this in this time period. In later years similar events had swept Europe, as time went one all the unknown questions and unexplained event were becoming more and more known, so it would not have made sense that women did those things to gain and show power in their lives. If you look back to what was considered as witchery to now you would see it was fear of the unknown and paranoia that made it seem as womens act of gaining power and not conrisidents. Back to being accusers, they had many problems in their social lives and believe and accusing other was the only way to restore their problems in life and their self-worth. Accusers had gained more power from the witch accusation then the accused women did. With fear from the unknown and uncommon was established unknowingly the only way they became unfearful was to accuse others from these seemingly mysterious actions. Some of the accused were either different or untraditional and that was considered another trait of witchery. You may say that the untraditional women and fee-spirited women were only looking for power, but in reality it was the unconscious start for women to be able to have a little more freedom. Some of the witches like Susannah Roots were also accused for entertaining people late at night or adultery, but just because they did those kinds of things did not mean they were looking for power or attention from the whole town, but from the people they did it with. What we know now that did not know then is that the accused must have had been sick in some way or form. We can conclude this with the fact that the symptoms of witchery are the same symptoms as the Encephalitis Epidemic that accrued in the early 1900s to the mid-1900s. For example the bites made by witches were really red marks that bleed thru the skin. The visions they had were really hallucinations that accrued from ant diseases that they endured. More of the symptom that were cause back then would be perfect examples of the epidemic that will have swept Europe. With no proper heat back then the cold worsened the symptoms that were considered witchery symptoms. The illnesses that cussed these were from insects that might have infected the so called witches in the past. As the years went on less and less accusations stopped probably due to the weather change in which the insects could not live and in return not infect the people. Women had not really wanted to have power because they would have found some way or pretended to have done witchery actions to continue their search of power instead of letting it become only something in the past. We can also conclude that it was not really the womens idea of gaining power because if the events were becoming part of that past most things will not change, but be the same and they will have had continued the search of power. Many more insects had been spread all over Europe witch caused the diseases that were the causes of the witch accusations. If the diseases did not spread people would not have been infected and jugged. Another idea to consider is if the disease causing insects were not common and had not infected the accused will they still be considered witches. That is a question that you should ask yourself and think about. Some of the accused witches were women were highly esteemed members of their church and community. Even their daughters as young as four were accused, from the hysteria. If you think about it, it wound not make sense that the witches were doing godly things. Also this will be no way of trying to gain more power because otherwise they would not be as highly esteemed as they are. Even though women protested against being witches or having family being accused they still were not looking for power. The women were only trying to convince the accusers that they were wrong and that they were indecent the only way they could think of. Sure they got attention and some power, but so did the male members of the community who protested with them. As hysterias spread and more were accused the punishments got worse and so did the deaths. Even though women wanted to get more power they probably would not have gone as far as death, because they most would want to live for their families and not chose power.as time went on with these more and more people were trying to help them from being wrongfully accused like many did. If you were to face death like these wrongly accused women were would you accept death or would you beg to be spared? These women had to decide this question their selves, and they said they will beg because they were not looking for power they were just subjected peoples fear in that time period. with not accepting being witches and begging it will naturally cause less power and the argument that women wanted more power that they had made the witch trials a big deal would be false. Not all the accused were being murdered for being witches. If they had confessed even if they were innocent they will be spared. The women who were confessing to their crime were only doing it to save their lives and ant gain power like some people think. Many were trying to get set free and not die so they did anything to get found not guilty. Women did not want power they wanted to go back to their lives without free of dyeing. Most of the time when women were accused they were not given a fair chance to prove they were not witches which means they did not want the power people said they wanted. So as I we think about the question thats been asked for ages we also should think about how and why the women were accused and why they said and did what they did. There may be people still out there believing that it was womens act to gain power, but it was not because they tried to get free and prove they were not lying. Also they action they did can always have an explanation to them because of what we know today. Even though the accused were trying to prove they were innocent and that they wanted to be free, they were strong and just trying to survive and live their lives no matter what other will think. Soon the trials had become part of the past and an important part that no one will forget.

Us Vs Japans Education Essay -- Education

Us Vs Japan's Education Education is the foundation of a strong and productive individual as well as being the foundation for a strong and productive country. Any country that keeps its' people uneducated or does not help to educate them cannot hold them entirely responsible for their actions that result from their lack of education. The United States and Japan both feel very strongly about education and that they need to have well educated people. Both of these countries have educational systems that are similar in some ways and yet very different in other ways. Both the similarities and the differences of these two systems give light to how each of these countries go about educating its' people and how much each of these countries value education. The educational system in Japan has not always been the way it is today. In fact it went through the very drastic changes in the end of the eighteen hundreds and then again in middle of the nineteen hundreds; right after World War II. The Meiji government was the first imperial government and it came into power in 1868. This government had a relatively nonrestrictive textbook policy. Then in 1872 it passed the School System Law, but it still did not include a Textbook Compilation Bureau. In the 1880's, there was a surging of nationalistic sentiment among Confucian scholars and this group was led by Motoda (1818-91). Due to this feeling sweeping the country, Mori Arinori (1847-89) became Education Minister and under his leadership state control on what was taught and what was in textbooks tightened. Then there was the Imperial Rescript on Education of 1890. This document had three themes: that the foundation of the nation is Confucian Values, that the role of education is perfect... ...rent ways; ways that pander to the results they want. Bibliography: A. Education in Japan: A Century of Modern Development Ronald A. Anderson, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1975 I think that this is a very good source because it was put out by the U.S. Government. B. Education in Japan: A Source Book Edward R. Beauchamp and Richard Rubinger, Garland Publishing, Inc. New York & London, 1989 This was an excellent source because it was very unbiased and factual C. Dimensions of contemporary Japan: Education and Schooling in Japan Since 1945 Edward R Beauchamp Garland Publishing, Inc. New York & London, 1998 This source is also very good and it is very new, which is always a good thing D. The American School 1642-1993 Joel Spring McGraw-Hill Inc., 1994 This was very strait forward and factual, meaning it is a good source.

It Should NOT be a Crime to Smoke :: essays research papers

It Should NOT be a Crime to Smoke Out in the cold, a lone member of society stands alienated from the rest of the world. A plume of smoke rises from her mouth; this is what sets her apart from the rest of the population, the fact that she smokes. In the last decade, this has been happening as people become staunchly more politically correct. It has almost become a crime to smoke in this country as the year’s progress. Is this right? Should smokers be treated this way, are they worse than the rest of society just because of their habit?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smokers have been banned from almost ever facility in this nation, save some fast food restaurants and bars. Almost all the nice restaurants have eliminated smoking sections, and for what reason: to quell the cry of all the nonsmokers in this world? If these people had their way all the smokers would be crammed into a rocket and shot off to farthest reaches of the universe. Why have smokers been driven out of public places when there are efficient ways of eliminating secondhand smoke? There are machines called smoke eaters that have been scientifically proven to eliminate 98% of the toxins found in secondhand smoke. Why are these overlooked when legislation is passed making it illegal to have smoking sections in public buildings? I do not have the answers to these questions, only the politicians do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ithaca College is not above these ridiculous laws. Ithaca College is trying to pass legislation that bans smoking from certain out door areas of the campus. How ridiculous is this. Smokers are not only banned from all indoor areas but now we are confined to certain outdoor areas. President Peggy Williams wants this to go through and says it is time to make a stand. I say that all the smokers of this nation should ban together and put an end to this tyranny that makes our lives more difficult every year. We must stop them from discriminating against us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that smokers should have the right to smoke anywhere outdoors and in certain areas indoors where efficient second hand smoke elimination procedures are in place. I need no backing for the outdoors claim because if smokers are not permitted to smoke outdoors than where are they allowed to smoke, only in their houses with the windows closed and the blinds drawn?

The medicine world has been the very first of those which has entered this technological arena

With the advent of technological advancement, it is true that man is pushing off his limits in a way that he unlocks the mysteries in his world and the environment around him.But along side this furtherance in almost every sector of the society, various maladies press on. And because man is by nature inquisitive and discontented of the things laid before him, and plus the fact that he just can’t withstand the consequences of his acts, that may lead him to suffering, he would continue to discover things even beyond his will.The medicine world has been the very first of those which has entered this technological arena thus setting its goals towards impalpable possibilities in medicine. And when I’m talking of the possibilities and technology, computer chips will be at its own best to draw attention from the most curious human minds.These chips are more properly called integrated circuits, or IC’s. They are electronic devices that contain transistors and other compo nents that are made of semiconductor materials, like silicon.(http://www.chipscapes.com/chipscapes/CS02.htm, 2008) Over the last four decades, computer chips have found their way into virtually every electronic device in the world.During that time they have become smaller, cheaper and more powerful, that it even penetrated to the medicine society.   Gene Chip, Biochip, DNA chip and a lot more can make a way into almost anything tangible.Biochips are among the most important instruments used in the miniaturization and automation of biology. But the most grand among the nowadays is the DNA chip which is DNA chips. They are likely to serve the most varied of purposes ranging from basic research in biology through diagnosis of disease to water ecology.(http://www.roche.com/dna_e.pdf,2003).Like the saying that goes, â€Å"necessity is the mother of invention†, this only implies that since we have a demand over something, then we create something prior to our demand.   But ever ything is interconnected to one another.   We may never know the limitations of these things unless a certain consequence.We may opt to open our mind to a possibility that since the world is so sick, many people die of the revenge of the Mother Earth, what will possibly happen to us who most of the time nowadays are relying on and holding on to the small but terrible capacity of computer chips? Will the world stop?Will we just remain dumb and wait for the end? What will really possibly happen to the entire human race? Simple, we may opt to go back to normal, most simple way of living and curing ourselves. We may not be able to diagnose ailments, keep track of the progress of an ailing patient, inventions will be at zero, and worst, since computer chips are connected to the world in which we live, the possibility of worsening the condition of the ills will be unimaginable.Everything that revolves around computer chips will be totally limp in such a way that the uncomplicated situat ions of those who rely mainly on them will find their way to a very conventional way of living.These are but anticipations of the possible of end of something that has started we got used to.   Nevertheless, we have been given such a powerful mind that can outdo things that may have affected us. We can see that movies featuring the use of these highly powerful and technological things are not just simple result of a creative mind. But of course, we have to think again. With everything around us, with the long way we have paved and with the future waving at us, can we still afford to go back?Works CitedWhat is a Computer Chip?, Retrieved May 7, 2008, from http://www.chipscapes.com/chipscapes/CS02.htm DNA-based medicine . creating value for patients, Retrieved May 7, 2008 from http://www.roche.com/dna_e.pdf,2003