How to Teach Language Through Poetry

The use of literature in the EFL classroom through three different perspectives. Exploring poetry as a strong option.. Most of the time literature is mainly related to reading and writing, but it may play the same meaningful role in teaching speaking and listening if we design creative activities. Teachers can use literature in the classroom for different purposes such as reading aloud and dramatizing a poem, teaching pronunciation, and many other activities. There are many advantages of using literature in the EFL classroom.To talk about the general advantages of literature can be a broad approach thus; we will not focus on them. Instead, we will have a look at the benefits from three different perspectives: literature as genuine and authentic material, as a good language source and as a bridge to get the learner interested and also, we will mention poetry as a strong option to develop students’ skills. MATERIAL Literature is authentic material that makes students travel to f oreign countries and fantastic worlds. This keeps our students motivated and promotes favorable attitude toward learning.Poems, novels, and stories can bring powerful emotional responses to the classroom. Furthermore, students can relate their own real lives to the stories they read. Literary texts help EFL students to improve language learning. However, literature by itself is not enough; teachers need to use imaginative techniques for integrating literature work with language teaching. It is also necessary to bring motivating methodology and to choose the right material to keep students interested. LANGUAGE Language is the most prominent feature of literature.Through literature students learn about syntax and discourse, different structures, functions, and the different ways of connecting ideas, all these help students to develop their writing, listening, reading and speaking skills. As they use literature they learn about language structure without even noticing, this helps to de velop their communicative competence, what as we know, is the ultimate aim of English learning. LEARNER In the classroom the use of literature encourages learners to get involved ith the stories they read or hear; the understanding of the words becomes less important as they get involved in trying to figure out what is happening with a character or the end of a story. Students may also like using literature if the activities are oriented towards enjoyment and creativity instead of memorizing or following grammatical rules. Literature can be seen as the bridge between the learner and the culture of the people whose language they are studying; in order to get the learners interested in the culture, we have to carefully select the literary texts according to their interests and level of comprehension.WHY DO WE USE POETRY WITH THE LANGUAGE LEARNER? Poetry is a short piece of imaginative writing, of a personal nature and laid out in lines. In this sense, poetry is a product of the langua ge and a tool to teach it, a tool to teach grammatical clues and a product when students make a composition of any topic. Most of the poems include metaphors. Students can use cognitive skills by making comparisons between two different things and finding their similarities. The figures of speech used in poetry such as metaphors, similes and personifications help students to have a better understanding of the use of language in an unconscious way.Poetry is a way for teaching and learning basic skills. It can be used as an enjoyable and a rewarding tool with the properties of rhyming and rhythm. It helps students to easily learn with the supra-segmental aspect of the target language, such as stress, pitch, intonation. Using poetry while teaching English can have many benefits: * It encourages creative writing. * It helps students appreciate sounds words and patterns. * It develops phonic skills. * It makes students express feelings and opinions. * It provides a great opportunity to p lay with language. It reinforces the ability to think and to experiment with students’ understanding of the world. * It helps to acquire vocabulary, creativity and imagination. * it reveals, restates, reinforces and affirms those things which we think are true. * It gives the chance to discover and explore the use of the language. * It generates collaborative activities (pair and group work). Poetry and the four skills We can develop the four skills while using poetry: Poems are good to reinforce grammar structures and to improve writing abilities, bringing out creativity and rhythm in the classroom since students have to use their imagination to write.Also, poems help to develop oral and mental capacities. They should be read aloud to reinforce the student’s phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, and vocabulary as well as to sharpen their receptive language skills by learning rhyming, sounds, stresses, pauses, alliteration and syllables. Ideas for using poetry in the c lassroom * Discussing the theme of a poem and writing out personal experiences related to the theme. * Deducing meanings from the context. * Completing a paraphrase of a poem (cloze-style). * Choosing the best paraphrase among a few. Predicting what’s coming next after reading only one verse at a time. * Ordering jumbled stanzas or lines in the correct sequence. * Rewriting a part of a poem in one’s own words and ideas to offer different messages. * Filling an omitted word, phrase, or line in relation to its context. * Discussing similarities and differences between poems of the same subject or theme. * Identifying any aural or musical qualities in the poem (rhyme, alliteration, and simile). * Reading aloud poems (choral reading) and making a song. This teaches intonations and stress. Using visuals images such as paintings to help pupils envisage settings, historical periods, etc. * Imitating o parody the style of poem. * Acting the poem: mime, role play, performance, etc. * Making a peer or group composition, writing together. Useful Web sites www. readwritethink. org/lessons/lesson_view. asp? id=391 www. poetryteachers. comh www. poetry4kids. com www. poetryzone. co. uk www. michellehenry. fr/poems. htm www. poemhunter. com www. tooter4kids. com/classroom/poetry_in_the_esl_classroom. htm www. teachingenglish. org. uk/think/literature/poems_prod. html http://www. youtube. com/user/b4uguy#g/u Conclusions Using poetry in the classroom is a great tool, but we cannot forget that we have to choose the right material, so students can maximize their learning. It has to be interesting and adequate for each student level, reading about new things is usually interesting for students. Learners will benefit from literature; we are responsible of putting in touch our students with material that catches their interest, so they want to read and listen more, which turns out in further and richer learning.Also, it can create opportunities for personal expression as well as reinforce learner? s knowledge of lexical and grammatical structure giving the opportunity to develop their communicative and cognitive skills. Many teachers think that including poetry in the EFL classroom can be a very heavy and useless work. However, we have analyzed some of the benefits that working with poetry can bring to the learning process. Also, we pointed that not only it is useful but also, students can have great fun if we choose the correct activities and poems.

Analogy of Nature vs Nurture

The Human Genome Project, which has attracted its fair share of controversy, set out in the early 1990s to map all 25,000 genes of the human genome (â€Å"About†). The hope was that such discoveries would provide a roadmap to the specific genes which could â€Å"allow us to accurately predict who will develop heart disease, become violent, or become homosexual† (Young). Psychologists, however, have countered this process by pointing out the importance of environmental factors to overall social development. Professor Robert Plomin of the Institute of Psychiatry in London says that â€Å"individual differences in complex traits are due at least as much to environmental influences as they are to genetic influences† (qtd. in Young). This is, in essence, a modern-day battle of nature versus nurture. In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein the conflict is perfectly encapsulated in the character of the monster; is he inherently evil and bloodthirsty, or did harsh societal treatment force him to be that way? It is an age-old question, still yet to be solved. However, through her writing and characterization it becomes clear that the monster began life as fresh and innocent as a regular newborn baby. He only became a true â€Å"monster† in the archetypal sense after enduring hatred and isolation at the hands of the humans he so longed to be. He is, in effect, nurtured into being the murderer that he becomes. Despite his unnatural birth, Frankenstein's creation still exudes the freshness and naivety of a young child discovering things for the first time. The prime example of this is his discovery of fire: â€Å"I found a fire which had been left by some wandering beggars†¦ in my joy I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain† (Shelley 89). He obviously has no life experiences to guide his actions and spends his first few weeks investigating and trying to understand the world around him, much like a newborn would. He even says that â€Å"no distinct ideas occupied my mind† (Shelley 88). This is not a being born a raving lunatic, his mind awash with murderous thoughts. He is simply a blank slate. Once he begins to distinguish light and sound, he continues his fresh exploration, discovering such things as animals, foliage, and warmth. At one point he wanders into an old man's hut, scaring him off. He doesn't intend to cause the man harm, nor does the reaction his appearance receives cause him any emotional distress or give rise to vengeance. He is not the being that he is by the end of the novel, a clear indication of the influence of social and environmental factors on development. In fact, it is not until he sees the De Lacey family for the first time that he begins to truly grasp basic emotions like happiness and sadness; until that point he had only known physical pain and hunger. The De Laceys are essentially the monster's first nurturers, however unknowing they may be. By observing them he becomes aware of human relationships, human emotions, and even human history. He develops a high level empathy for the family; their trials and tribulations were his, and when their were sad so was he. In a way he is exhibiting a highly pure and limited form of emotional expression and understanding for, much like a very young child or even a pet, his own feelings are greatly influenced by, and reflective of, those around him. Since the family provides the basis for the monster's impression of humans, he originally thinks fairly highly of them. The monster, who had started out taking some of their food for his own survival, stopped doing so when he â€Å"found out that in doing this [he] inflicted pain on the cottagers† (Shelley 96). To make amends he instead gathers firewood for them, and is filled with satisfaction upon knowing that he saved them from even a small amount of hardship. It is from the De Laceys that he first learns of kindness and love, and of the bonds of family and friendship. If he was truly born a monster it is doubtful that he would have any capacity whatsoever for empathy and love. At this point in the novel, though, it's quite apparent that the so-called â€Å"demon† has a interior that belies his frightening exterior appearance. The monster also learns how to read, write, and speak by intently observing the De Laceys. This act of humanization further endears the family to him, and is his major step towards joining human society. Of course this is all thrown out the window when, after meticulously planning on how to reveal his presence to the family, they receive him with less than open arms: Felix violently ejects him from their cottage, while Safie runs away in disgust and Agatha faints upon seeing his form. This is the first of several traumatic experiences with the human race that totally throws the monster's worldview out-of-whack; where before he saw only gentleness and love he soon comes to associate humans with hatred and violence. Next the monster gets shot after saving a girl from drowning in a river. However he still does not respond violently towards either the girl or the attacker; instead he merely wanders off, injured and confused. It would seem that he has yet to become the violent murderer the majority of the story sees him as. At this point, though, he does vow â€Å"eternal hatred and vengeance on all mankind† (Shelley 126), which is a far cry from the admiration he expressed for their race only days before. This is the turning point in the monster's behavior; from here on out his thought process is radically changed. Society and mankind have totally rejected him by this time, and again like a child he takes these insults to heart and responds in a somewhat over-the-top manner. The monster's brutal murder of William, Frankenstein's younger brother, is the first occurrence to truly display any sort of demonic tendencies. By this point, though, his heart and mind have been shaped by nearly two years of life experiences, many of them negative. After all, he lives, apart from observing the De Laceys, in total isolation. He is then deemed a monster by all of society, and cast out. He is even shot for doing a heroic deed. Add on his knowledge of the bloody history of human civilization (which is filled with war and revenge) and his exposure and identification with Satan in Milton's Paradise Lost and it is not entirely surprising to see his mindset so rapidly altered. Of course he goes on to kill many more of Frankenstein's loved ones, and eventually indirectly causes the death of Frankenstein himself, though these heinous crimes are born out of a lack of nurture, not simply just his natural personality. In fact, like many serial killers before and after him, the monster lacks any sort of parental figure. His father, Frankenstein, was so disgusted by him that he ran away and never came back. History has shown us that growing up fatherless can have severe ramifications upon a child's psyche and development. Numerous sociologists and psychologists have come to the conclusion that a fatherless childhood increases the likelihood that said child will turn to a life of crime or depression, and with 70% of long-term prison inmates and 72% of adolescent murderers coming from fatherless homes that assumption appears to be correct (Popenoe). This is a clear endorsement of the importance of nurture over nature in that this environmental change has such a large effect on the future of these children. Many, of course, come to resent and hate the man who walked out on them. This is the case with the monster, whose quest for vengeance against his creator provides the main plot of the novel. The monster falls victim to the numerous environmental forces working against him, from societal isolation to the abandonment of his father. His ultimate personality is filled with rage and anger, though it is not without the kinder traits he picked up from the De Lacey family. He confesses at the end of the novel of his remorse at his crimes: â€Å"No guilt, no mischief, no malignity, no misery can be comparable to mine† (Shelley 203). Two of the most important quotes, though, appear at the end of the novel as well: the monster essentially conveys Shelley's exact point in the nature vs. nurture battle when he says that his â€Å"heart was fashioned to be susceptible of love and sympathy† (Shelley 202) and that he â€Å"cannot believe that [he is] the same creature whose thoughts were once filled with sublime and transcendent visions of the beauty and majesty of goodness† (Shelley 204). Even he recognizes the changes that have taken place inside his own psyche, and he understands that it is his life experiences and environment that is to blame for this. In these final quotes, he also makes it clear that he started out life fresh and new, without a demonic cell in his body, and that his first experiences were those of kindness and joy. It was not until after his mind began to form that he was exposed to the concepts of hatred and vengeance. With the character of Frankenstein's monster, Shelley has created not only one of the most iconic misunderstood villains of literature but also formed an entire thesis on the concept of nature versus nurture in human development. By making the monster a blank slate, and morphing his personality based upon the different cataclysmic events that shape his life, Shelley clearly states her support for the nurture side of the argument. In a way the entire novel could be seen as an argument in defense of the belief that it is the child's environment and form of nurture received (be it good, bad, or non-existent) that provides the basis for their personality and character. Of course genetics does play a role in such areas. People are generally not born serial killers, nor are they born as charitable saints. Parenting plays a huge role in early development, as many professionals have proven, and the monster's lack of a single parent largely attributes to his personality defects. This point, combined with the isolation and hatred that he endured, are the reasons that he turned towards a path of murder and destruction.

Institutionalized Juveniles and their rights Essay

Institutionalized Juveniles and their rights - Essay Example In judging on a proposal to make a hearing private, the court must take into account the maturity and age of the offender, charges against the offender, probability of confidentiality breach, and the advantage of privacy to the offender and weigh these issues against the advantage of an open hearing (Champion, 1997). A juvenile offender has the right to be allocated a guardian. A guardian of a person may be appointed for the offender if the court establishes it will be at the best interest of the juvenile offender, or if no guardian, custodian, or parent turns up at a hearing with the offender (Champion, 1997). A considerable body of law ascertains the rights of incarcerated and detained juvenile offenders and safeguards their rights in confinement. Ombudsman programs also help to supervise juvenile correctional facilities. They safeguard the rights of juvenile offenders in custody. The people who protect juvenile offenders’ rights derive their authority from the Supreme Court, and juvenile codes and statutes (Champion,

Nursing Research Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Research - Article Example There are a number of studies that have been used in the analysis of comfort care in various nursing homes. The author begins by stating that various nursing homes are the source for care amongst various old people in the society. The paper presents an orderly and informed review of the existing literature and theory that gives the basis of the study. The paper is a descriptive and exploratory study that involves different qualitative methods and the semi-structured in-depth interviews with the staff members of a single nursing home. The open ended questions are good given that it gives the respondents an opportunity to explain their ideas. The only weakness at the point is the failure to include other organizations. The structured open ended questions were used in the collection of data. Questions in education, professional experience and intervals were the topical basis by which the respondents provide the end of life care. One of the main strength of the study was that it was audiotape recorded and therefore can be easily traced and tracked. The application of the grounded theory provided a further analysis of the study. The involvement of forty two staff members is a good representation of the entire population. The inclusion of the nurses, administrators and certified nursing assistants, housekeepers and social workers represents various groups of people that are directly impacted by the study. The paper prepared reasonable documents that requested for the respondents acceptance during the study. The entire reason for the study was explained to the respondents. There ethical documents were also prepared and approved before the real study was conducted. The author presents a clear understanding of the concept. The paper shows interlink of the existing literature review and the results. The study also is also precise with regards to the analysis of the data collected from the respondents. With the constant increase in the number of

Community Involvement in Construction Dissertation

Community Involvement in Construction - Dissertation Example The involvement of the community benefits both the community and the economy. The research is made to enhance the economy and to attain advantages from the community. Different books, literary articles in different magazines, newspaper and journals are utilized for the collection of data and information (Groat & Wang, 2002). However, interviews and questionnaire were also adopted for the collection of data. The construction publications and governmental publication are also considered important for the research. The government publications are important in determining the legal situation of the subject. Methodology In order to research the hypothesis, two research methodologies can be adopted (Groat & Wang, 2002). One method is to simply collect the data with relevance to the statement and then prove the hypothesis through the observation and with the help of available information. The collection method should involve the relevant books, journals, literature, etc. The method is often called as the qualitative research method. However, proving the hypothesis by utilizing the scientific tactics or scientific methods, which involves the practical behavior and responses from the people that are influencing the research directly. The method may not involve the collection of data through books, journals, etc. Such research method is known as quantitative research method. ... Secondly, utilization of the questionnaire and interviewing also help community development and fight legal and formal issues. Qualitative and Quantitative Research methods: Qualitative research approach involves the collection of data by researching and exploring the subject of subject without utilizing the principles and laws. The information explores the subject corresponding subject and its constituent parts. The attained information is carefully studied and conclusion is drawn with relevance to the collected information (Groat & Wang, 2002). The information is collected from the books, journals and other such sources that cover the subject. In a quantitative research method, an experimental method is utilized, which follows the scientific methods. In a scientific methods, a sequence of procedures are followed and then according to the finding evaluated through the steps, conclusion is made. The research method involves the collection of data through experimentation and directly consulting the persons that are directly involved (Groat & Wang, 2002). Interviewing or questionnaire is a part of the quantitative research method. Data collection: The information is gathered from various sources and thus it is not in the form that is required. The gathered information required editing. Editing of the information involved the selection of appropriate content and discarding the inappropriate information that is irrelevant to the subject of the research (Groat  & Wang 2002). Secondary Data Collection: In the qualitative research method, primary as well as secondary information sources are searched. Secondary information sources include the previous researches and information available in

A NPO MARKETING STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A NPO MARKETING STRATEGY - Essay Example Secondly, there is need to have computers. These form the core of the project; they are to be sourced from all individuals that would be willing to give their old computers. Computers are basically what will drive the project. In order to source for adequate number of computers, the organization shall target individuals, corporates, and other institutions. This will facilitate acquisition of as many computers as possible. The use of old computers helps solve two issues; one is the environmental pollution and the second is the fact that children in need will use the old computers constructively. As a result of getting old computers, there is the need to recycle them so that they are used constructively. The process of refurbishing old computers requires expertise, which will require a computer technician. The technician will deal with all the work that will have to be done on the computers. Another important service that will be required in relation to the computers is the transportation. Well-wishers will do this, in this case, proposals will be sent to companies and institutions to offer transportation services. Temporary storage services will be provided in a premise that we shall rent out. On the other hand, proposal writing and the accounting that is required shall be done by myself in consultation with the manager that shall be hired. Children have various needs that requires to be fulfilled. This provides a perfect opportunity for provision of the refurbished computers to take care of some of their needs.in the world, there are children who have never got an access to a computer. Exposing the poor and vulnerable people in the society to technology helps, them have a better view of themselves while helping them realize of the developments that are in place. It is apparent that there are places where access to the internet is news to them. Computers provide a great entertainment opportunity for children. A number of features and software in a computer can

Three things you can do with a pack of chewing gum Essay

Three things you can do with a pack of chewing gum - Essay Example Firstly, chewed gum can be used as an assistant tool for drawing contour lines. In most cases, contour lines are irregular, and they cannot be drawn by common tools. Designers usually leave the traces of mistakes visible to use as references for drawing the correct lines. However, being slightly confused by these reference marks is a common phenomenon during the process of professional drawing. Instead of using tentative care, chewed gum can be competently used as references in this context. The main ingredient of chewing gum is gum base. When the chewing gum is in people’s mouths, it gains elasticity with the help of saliva and bodily temperature (Saverson). This feature of elasticity means that the chewed gum can stretch to a long and narrow line. One interesting example of using the stretched chewed gum, is drawing contour lines on topographical maps. To do this, the individual must arrange the stretched chewed gum on the paper to show valleys hills, and the steepness of sl opes. After the process of adjustment, they must then trace along the stretched chewed gum with pen. Finally, if they remove the line of chewed gum a neat curved line will remain. The flexibility of the chewed gum makes the adjustment much easier while the stickiness of it helps to adhere to the paper. Another interesting and potentially useful characteristic of chewed gum is its stickiness. Some people use this characteristic for a special hobby – collecting insects. During the process of making insect specimens, an insect needle is a vital piece of equipment. However, sometimes the insects are physically too small to pitch the needle through. To keep the integrity of insect bodies, the stickiness of chewed gum can help to reach this goal. When making the specimen, the collector must first place the chewed gum into the prepared container. They must then use a lighter to burn the chewed gum for two to three seconds until the gum starts to melt.

The Traditional Method of Making a Deed Research Paper

The Traditional Method of Making a Deed - Research Paper Example Basically, when one terminates an agreement to the detriment of another, promissory estoppel lies in hand as a defence to support the promise according to Smith. Under this rule, a claimant who incurs a detriment by doing an act, making a promise however small, provided that it has been agreed that she should do the act and receives something in return under a limited legal principle can be sued for promissory estoppel. In Combe v. Combe , the Court of Appeal held that the doctrine of promissory estoppel cannot be used to create a cause of action where a husband’s promise to pay alimony to the wife at  £100 p.a. does not give her the right to sue for that money even though she had relied on the promise. In a society where moral conventions allow a promisor to enter into a negotiation, a promisor is bound to his promise. The law, however, stresses that enforcing promises is a right when they are given in exchange for other promises or consideration. The main purpose of implan ting consideration is to discourage improper pressure and coercion and to distinguish the nature of the promise. It is also interesting to see how the doctrine of promissory estoppel brings the law of consideration into sharp relief. Although it is not overtly recognized by the English system, many of the reasons for requiring consideration do not apply to the situation of variation as in Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls. The basic position still considers, however, the doctrine of promissory estoppel varying from only one side of the contract.

World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World War I - Essay Example Through conscientious study of the events depicting imperialism, militarism, nationalism, the immediate cause, as well as the underlying intricacies of the alliances formed, threatening unrest to all other nations, I would attempt to figure justification for the next plan of action. Having found that the aforementioned grounds are ceaseless and bearing impact on a global scale, marching out to join and support the Allies must then prove reasonable. Participating in warfare does not have to mean exhibiting competitiveness yet as a measure to suppress the imperialists along with the height of their militaristic principle, it becomes necessary to demonstrate that emergence of power via American forces in addition to the Allies in defense is likely to intimidate the enemy. In the hope of possibly exhausting the enemies with the idea that endless wars are futile and would only yield to further damages regardless of any projected goal to gain advantage by the opposing parties, combat ought to proceed. As a U.S. president, I understand that I have sworn a delicate responsibility to protect my nation. With the prevailing world crisis, however, accepting the armed challenge to fight in the battlefield is rather an innovation than a mere act of impulse to help others subdue the enemy and fulfill the common objective of world peace. At this point, to me the presence of U.S. troops overseas, expressing the motive to cooperate with the armed men of the allied nations is a response of envisioning a kind of renewed life for the Americans where, after all the military and political hostilities, living exists with the desired quality of peace and economy. By engaging in the war, Americans can be accustomed to dealing with violent encounters which would serve as tests to strengthen individual courage or make resolute the overall character of American citizenry. In time, once the joint forces with the European ‘Allies’ consisting of France, Russia, Britain, and Serbia

Trickster Tale Revised Essay Example for Free

Trickster Tale Revised Essay Lions are the only cats in the animal kingdom with a mane. A lions mane, which is to say, the majestic head of hair growing around the large male cats neck and framing its face is central and unique to its appearance, and   has always been an iconic symbol of a lions strength and physical fortitude, and one which appears to crown and affirm his title as the apparent king of the jungle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But the lion wasnt always king of the jungle, and it didnt always have its mane.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once, in the far stretches of an African savannah, where every animal was said to be born and breathed into existence, there lived a maneless male lion, who lacked confidence in his appearance and was unsure of himself, but at the same time, was cunning and malicious.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One afternoon, Lion traveled the extent of the savannah looking for a waterhole, and   came across a creature with four spindly legs and a set of what appeared to be branches of wood stemming from above its head, who went by the name Deer. Deer told Lion that it was the first time he had ever seen a creature who appeared so plain and was devoid of any markings and distinctive features whatsoever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lion was insulted by Deers disparaging remark, but told Deer that he had never seen as more common a creature as well, because many of the creatures Lion has come across with bore the same twigs or branches of wood on their heads, and that contrary to Deers remark, Lion, not having the said feature, was in fact, what made him distinct and unique. This brought Deer to contemplate on his appearance. Lion persuaded Deer to rid himself of the bland thing stemming from his head which made Deer plain, and Deer did as Lion directed, removed his horns and walked away, pleased and elated by his apparent newfound uniqueness. Lion, upon Deers departure, took the horns, and wore it for himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pleased with his change of appearance, Lion proudly roamed the savannah, and upon reaching the waterhole, came across an animal whose skin was covered with striped markings of black and white, who was called zebra. Zebra told Lion that he knew of many animals which grew horns above their heads, but none which bore the same markings of black and white as his. Lion, refusing to be categorized among the many animals who shared the features he thought would separate and distinguish him from the rest of the creatures in the grasslands, and finding that the lie he told Deer appeared to be, in fact, true, dispatched of his horns, and took Zebras stripes for his own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bearing stripes of black and white, Lion was on his way home when he saw Cheetah, who bore black circular markings against his brown flesh, stood looking at Lion, laughing. Lion demanded to know what Cheetah found hilarious, and Cheetah replied that Lions black and white stripes not only look unnatural and unsophisticated against his flesh, but was about the most ridiculous thing he had ever seen in the grasslands so far. This incensed and angered Lion the most as he had gone through great lengths reinventing himself, and being called ridiculous and laughed at to his face was more than he could take. So he rid himself of the unnatural and unsophisticated markings that was Zebras and was about to take Cheetahs spots for his own when Cheetah evaded him. Lion ran after Cheetah, but Cheetah proved too fast for him to apprehend. As though speed wasnt already enough of a factor, his pursuit of Cheetah brought him across various obstacles, including pool of sticky mud, which Lion arose from exhausted and grimy, and after which, he gave up the chase and retired to sleep.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the instance of his waking, Lion finds that the sticky pool of mud which he narrowly escaped not only clung and melded to his skin, in a rich golden brown, but stuck a significant amount of a similar color appearing as hair, covering the skin surrounding his face,   from the expanse of wilted grass in the savannah in which he slept in. Over time, The golden grass approximating hair would adapt, meld, and grow with Lions physicality, and with it, his confidence, self assurance and courage would develop and grow as well. The audacity of his actions, and the said confidence and self assurance brought about by his change of appearance would later on bring him into being proclaimed as king of the jungle.

Case Study of Globalisation in Indonesia

Case Study of Globalisation in Indonesia Globalisation Globalisation encompasses increased international economic integration, evidenced by growing global markets, global resource flows, transnational corporations, global consumption patterns and intergovernmental agreements, resulting in economies becoming more interconnected through: Increased trade of GS globally Increased global flows of production factors or resources (foreign capital, labour, and technology) Increased foreign investments, resulting in technological transfers Increased private savings or finance globally Harmonisation of the business cycle for globalised economies Increased economic interdependencies Increased growth of size and quantity of TNCs with global operations Increased global consumer trends Increased inter-government consultations/agreements to manage economic contacts and disputes Globalisation has allowed the Indonesian economy to reform to be in accordance with competitive economic growth rates. Globalisation represented the catalyst for Indonesia’s sustained growth once the oil boom of the 1970s subsided, as it allowed international exporting of manufacturing goods, made possible by uniform technological advancement with strong economies, leading to a GDP drop of only 2.6%. Influence of Globalisation on the World Globalisation has had lasting impacts on the globally integrated economy regarding trade, global financial and investment flows, and transnational corporations. Global market growth is initially evident through growing trade links of GS between countries (incorporating consumer GS, capital goods and intermediate GS); as validated by increased global GDP from 12% in 1964 to 48% in 2010 for trading. Figure 1 – The Economy and Global Markets The table exposes globalisation through countries’ high trade dependencies (the importance of exports/imports compared to a nation’s GDP); with scattered countries withholding high trade dependencies, validating the presence of increasingly necessary global trade-flows (outliers affected by externalities including war/civil strife, increasing trade dependency). Globalisation is highlighted by the GFC affecting trade dependencies systematically, where all high dependency nations had lowered percentages, losing 20% a year following the GFC, but in 2011 all these nations’ trade dependencies began to harmonise again. Similarly, low trade dependency nations reduced in trade dependency in 2009, but re-harmonised in 2010. By the circular flow model, exports are injections into the flow, whilst imports are leakages. Thus, increased exports increases the total sales of firms, which motivates increased output and increased GDP. Increased GDP yields increased factors of production, which raises household income, further encouraging more consumption spending, and savings, with taxation revenue obtained by the government sector. Imports, contrastingly, increase access to more GS, and puts pressure on local firms to be more efficient as a means of competing with imports (a lack of competition will void efficiency and resources, leading to ceilings placed on the economy’s total supply). This is shown especially with technology, as a means to keep on par with high-income economies. Global financial flows undertook exponential increase from 1975 to the GFC due to globalisation, inducing: Expanding international trade equivalent twice real GDP growth Expanding international direct investments thrice real GDP growth (before 2001) Expanding international equity investment is ten times real GDP growth Increased global private capital-flows grew from 10% of GDP in 1990, to 32% of GDP in 2005 Figure 2  ­Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Global Capital Inflows $US billion Furthermore, the growth of private savings flows inter-economically is emphasised by: Direct Investments: A purchase allowing foreign investors to exercise control of foreign assets for future decisions. Portfolio Investments: A purchase of equity of foreign assets, but unlike direct investments, there is little control, growing more than direct investments, seen in Figure By the circular flow model, the inflow of these foreign savings increases local savings for financing investment expenditures. FDI promotes technological imports, increasing productive efficiency Due to globalisation, TNCs are able to create subsidiaries internationally to expand global production facilities. Figure 3 – Geographic Distribution of Foreign Subsidiaries of US-based TNCs Figure 3 highlights that coherent national links allows scattering of foreign subsidiaries, increasing high-income nations, increasing confidence of cultural integration of foreign subsidiaries, resulting in increased amount of financial resources due to increase in world GDP. Anti-trust legislations provide lesser ability to expand domestically, but provide incentives to grow via international expansion. Finally, globalisation pressures transnational management to achieve growth due to vast amounts of competition, by entering new markets. Economic Strategies Being Utilised Indonesia’s emerging economy is subject to economic strategies used as part of the globalisation process to promote economic growth and development, including exploitation of oil prices, forced structural change, export-oriented development strategy for non-oil sectors and IMF appeals. Suharto’s government (1967-1998) yielded abrupt changes in Indonesian economic development strategies to surmount government indebtedness, in attempts to increase investment levels for public and private economic sectors to achieve economic growth and development by expansion of heavy industries. In the 1970s, FDIs and foreign loans provided savings, with 50% of funds used for investments in the Indonesian non-oil sector. Suharto’s strategy, centric on labour intensive consumer goods manufactures (including textiles and clothing) instead of heavy industry, had been an import-substitution behind a protective tariff. Indonesia’s prevalent state-owned oil company: ‘Pertamina’ provided ~70% of total exports, with government-independent strategies to spend on steel mills and increase its foreign loans. The 2000% rise in oil prices from 1973 to mid-1980s resulted in exponential increase of oil and LNG export earnings from US$641m to US$10,600m. With vast funds, the Indonesian government realised many domestic private firm conglomerates expanded exponentially (aided by military, contracts, credit and restrictions on competition), leading to structural change with greater investments in heavy industries such as steel, petrochemicals, oil-refining, and plywo od industries possible by export restrictions of logs (validated by a $3899m increase in plywood exports from 1981 to 1996). Due to a subsiding oil boom, the Indonesian government prioritised non-oil exports, so foreign exchange earnings increased to sustain payments and government-sector debt pressures. This shifted focus of manufacturing sectors from domestic markets to export markets to satisfy this instability, aiming to: Increased rupiah devaluation to increase international competitiveness, resulting in decreased wage costs compared to nations including Thailand and Malaysia. Although, the devaluated rupiah results in more expensive imports and cheaper exports, motivating greater export quantities in labour intensive industries, predominantly clothing and textiles. Improved foreign savings access, leading to individuals in the 1990s with foreign investments exceeding US$50m was permitted complete foreign-ownership. Despite this, many foreign-restrictions remained including compulsory local partners, and lowered ownership shares for foreign firms within the joint venture as time progresses. Similarly, the strategy aims to decrease regulatory controls within private firms, motivating greater foreign savings access without government-control (unaffordable governmental trade obligations). Increased tariff reduction on goods to motivate cheaper inputs, increasing economic-efficiency, and motivating international negotiations so export markets are more accessible internationally. Deregulated financial sector to increase competition between dominant state-owned banks and newer domestic/foreign banks, to create private sector independence, achieving greater private investment expenditure than investment spending in the public sector by the 1990s. Due to financial institution debt issues and collapsing property booms within Indonesia, there was capital flight (when assets, money or resources quickly flow out of a country) and collapsed exchange rates with 14000 rupiah to each US$, developing into lacking foreign reserves and desperate appeals to the IMF. These pleas led to an IMF rehabilitation program: Rising interest rates to support the rupiah and to remain stable in the vastly expanding inflation rates (58.5$ in1998) Financial reforms, with dominant banks closing, others nationalised so the government was able to support it, to avoid medium-term collapse in credit availability, but exponential debt issues made this is a difficult issue to mitigate in the short term Rising unemployment due to collapsing credit, with real GDP falling 13.2% from 1998-99 Lowered government spending to alleviate pressures to remain dominant in food subsidies The Impacts of Globalisation on Indonesia Globalisation has impacted Indonesia’s emerging economy in its placement in the globalisation process, primarily inadvertently led by proposed economic strategies relating to primary export sectors, structural economic change and IMF rehabilitation. Figure 4: PERCENTAGE INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTIONS TO GDP OF INDONESIA Figure 4 highlights globalisation triggering increased oil prices and motivating a structural change, emphasised by a predominant mining sector growing until the early 1980s, with successful oil exporters hindered when world recession and inflation in stronger high income economies reduced oil demands during low 1980s. Lowered demand motivated replacements to oil and developing oil-saving technologies, shifting world-energy usages for the following two decades: increasing exports for alternative energy including coal for electricity and heating. Integrated global markets, for primarily fuels, yielded: Lowered export earnings due to lowering oil prices, which decreased by half in the low 1980s to 1986 (dropping to US$12/barrel) Lowered account balance from US$2.2b surplus to US$7.0b deficit from 1980 to 1983, increasing pressure on Indonesian currency (rupiah) and stability of foreign reserves, further disadvantaged by economic nationalism movements deterring FDIs. Government debt repayments grew US$933m from 1975 to 1985, increasing dependence on foreign aid and loans, diminishing effects of their financial export predicament. The predicament shone imperfections to Indonesia’s economic development strategies – unable to produce positive outcomes elsewhere within Eastern Asia, demonstrating that oil exports were unreliable for economic development and nationalism in being globally integrated. These unreliable economic-development-strategies were: Import-substitution strategy allowing public and private firms to develop coherent links with law-makers in low competition and high-protection business environments Military involvement within Parliament, granting specific business operations Attempted sustained economic growth up to the late 1990s and early 2000s from oil lacked cash inflow, leading to increased bureaucrats supporting economic reform, coming with greater influence as the Indonesian government pursued reliable economic strategies focusing on non-oil exports Figure 5: ECONOMIC GROWTH: ANNUAL CHANGE IN REAL GDP Indonesian growth 1991 onwards validates a link between oil’s global demand, and sustained economic growth correlating closely to Malaysia and Thailand, despite weak oil prices. Figure 6: GROWTH IN PRODUCTION, BY SECTOR, IN INDONESIA Figure 6 correlates to slower growth rates with the uprising mining sector from 1980 until early 2000s, accommodated by the AFC in 1997-1999 resulting in lowered GDP, but nonetheless, manufacturing reigned as the leading emerging economic sector from 1990-2002. This Indonesian financial crisis was motivated by centralisation of power within the Suharto government, leading to an undesirable focus of power on those within personal favour of his regime including the president and close family, leading to increased consumption of wasted funds and greater earnings from external, mostly illegal sources of activity. However, reforms in the financial sector during the mid-late 1990s (highly demanded by foreign aid donors), lead to unsustainable increases in deregulation, and increased avoidance to prudential regulation and build-up of private foreign sector debt, correlating to ‘boom-like property developments’, and hence a worsened financial problem for Indonesia on the basis of its coherence within the global market and its highly demanded exports. Due to globalisation, and other nations building upon Indonesia’s oil/non-oil exports, the outcomes of reforms were that private banks and governments responded more to induced pressure from lending negotiations, with the Central Bank/Bank of Indonesia supporting these lending banks through liquidity, with 60-70% liquidity credit siphoned off upon reaching these banks. Resultant of Thailand’s financial institution failure (sporadic lending on property development), and Indonesia’s cash demand, an increased flow of money from Thailand into Indonesia (due to close economic exporting ties), resulted in bank collapse and lowered exchange-rates, developing into business closures and lowered credit availability, meaning extreme unemployment within Indonesia, to which the IMF provided rehabilitation. The influx and dependence of currency from Thailand forced an increase in closure of small banks in early 1998, resultant from lending to their respective shareholders at unsustainable rates, forming non-performing loans unable to be repaid. Alongside foreign aid and loans, recapitalisation of banks costed 50% of Indonesia’s GDP in early 2000s. AVOIDING THE GFC – ECONOMIC STRATEGIES AND RESULTANT IMPACTS Increased resource demand from Indonesia to China, lead to an influx of funds promoting Indonesia’s economic growth, producing greater diversification of oil/gas exports, with 2008 bringing exports of 190m tonnes of coal, rivalled by Australia’s 126m tonnes. One of the leading environmental controversies arisen through Indonesian exports is palm oil (alongside China makes up a third of global imports), involving deforestation and peat burning, which forms greenhouse gases and has become Indonesia’s leading source of air pollution. With forest-derived products being a competitive industry due to its significance on Indonesia’s cash influx, illegal logging provided an unexpected ‘edge’ within competing businesses – with up to 73% of forestry products being manufactured from illegal manufacturing methods. Following economic recession of the AFC, Indonesia’s success during the GFC (shown in Figure 5) was due to: Less reliance on trade (exports pertaining to 30% of nominal GDP) especially between high income markets such as Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand Declining inflation motivated private consumption, accounting for ~60% of GDP Healthy harvests maintained higher income for farming jobs, increasing consumption Increased provision of economic stimuli motivated by political favour of the Democratic Party during 2009 elections, providing grants to 18.5m poor households with tax-cuts part of the fiscal stimulus package with lowered exports during the GFC. Since imports declined more than exports, net exports are the contributors to GDP growth. The government introduced pay-rises for civil servants to quicken budget expenditure to reduce risk in sudden investment declines in manufacturing industries. The resultant budget deficit in 2009 was ~2.6% of GDP Emphasis on exports in Indonesia meant that stimulus distributed within China temporarily recovered the flow of resource income as prices and quantity of exports recovered Indonesian banks were motivated by the 3.0% lowered interest rates, meaning increased repaid loans, reduced lending availability and decreased credit demand. Negotiating with China, loan/swaps were achieved (exchanging cash flows) such that Indonesia was protected from sudden outflows of savings or lacking borrowing ability of banks

Physics of the Moon :: physics science space

Gravitational Force of Bodies All bodies with mass exert a gravitational pull on the bodies around them, even you and me. The larger the radius and mass of the body the larger the force. Most people know that the force of gravity on earth is much greater than on the moon, but how much larger is it, and how is gravity calculated? German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1576-1630) spent years observing the motion of planets and developed a set of laws for planetary motion. Years after his death Physicist Isaac Newton (1642-1727) used these laws to help him develop his law of universal gravitation. The law of Universal Gravitation states that: "every particle in the Universe attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them" (Serway 424). This essential means that the force of gravity increases the larger the masses are and decreases the farther away the masses are. The formula to determine the the magnitude of the gravitational force is: Fg = G (M1M2)/R^2 G is the Universal Gravitational Constant, M1 and M2 is the mass of the two objects and R is the distance between them. On Earth the force of gravity causes all objects to accelerate at 9.8m/s^2. For example, say you have a mass of 1kg on the surface of the earth. The force of gravity between the two objects is given by: Fg= (6.673x10^-11)(5.9736x10^24)(1) (6.3781x10^6)^2 Fg = 9.8 m/s^2 6.672x10^-11 is the value of the universal gravitational constant (G), 5.9736x10^24 is the mass of the Earth (M1) in kg, 1 is the mass of our object on the earth's surface (M2) in kg, and 6.3781x10^6 is the distance between the center of the Earth and the Earth's surface (R) in meters. 9.8 m/s^2 is the acceleration force between objects and the earth On the moon this value is much less because the moon has a smaller mass and radius. If the same 1kg object is on the surface of the moon, the force of gravity on it is given by: Fg = (6.673x10^-11)(7.349x10^22)(1) (1.7381x10^6)^2 Fg = 1.6 m/s^2 7.349x10^22 is the mass of the moon in kg and 1.7381x10^6 is the radius of the moon in meters. On the moon objects experience roughly 1/6 the gravitational force they would on Earth. Two astronuats are playing catch on the moon. They throw and catch the ball at a height of 1.

Ethical Analysis of Online Gambling Essay -- Gamblers Addictions Essay

Ethical Analysis of Online Gambling Introduction Open up your email over a long weekend and you’ll likely find a plethora of online casino advertisements. â€Å"Welcome Bonus up to $150 free!† Ask the traditional land based casino gambler on whether he would gamble online and his first reaction would likely be â€Å"Are you nuts?† When gambling at land based casinos, games are likely to be fair because the consequences of cheating by casino operators are disastrous. Casinos found to offer rigged games will lose their gambling licenses permanently. Land based casino gamblers are also virtually guaranteed that any winnings they accumulate will be paid out. However, Internet casinos are generally unregulated and offer neither of these guarantees. Nevertheless, online gambling has garnered a huge global audience. Online casinos cater to the lucrative market of stay-at-home bettors who only need a bank account and Internet access in order to participate in online gambling. However, online gambling presents unique ethical problems to society. Background The Internet has opened the gambling industry to a whole new range of consumers. Most states in the United States have some form of legal gambling, ranging from state lotteries to bingo. However, in order to participate in the more exotic casino games such as blackjack, poker, and slots, you used to have to travel all the way to Nevada, Indian reservations, or gambling boats. Today all you have to do is install casino software on your computer and you can experience online gambling in the comfort of your own home. Some online casinos offer games on web sites, so you don’t even have to install anything. Gamblers no longer need to fly to Las Vegas in order to play slots. .. ...tte, <http://www.gamblingpress.com/archive/2003/02/gamblingpress0016.htm> (13 Feb, 2003). 29. "Voters Approve A Lottery", <http://www.calottery.com/about.asp>, (6 Nov, 1984). 30. "Sector Report: onling gambling", NetImperitive, <http://www.netimperative.info/pdf/onlinegamblingfinal.pdf>, (May 2002). 31. Spinello, Richard A., Frameworks for Ethical Analysis, <http://cseserv.engr.scu.edu/NQuinn/COEN288/framework.pdf>. 32. Pastore. 33. Locke, John, The Second Treatise of Civil Government, <http://www.constitution.org/jl/2ndtr05.txt>, (1690). 34. Declaration of Independence, <http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_freedom/declaration/declaration_transcription.html>, (4 Jul, 1776). 35. Longstreet, Stephen, Win or Lose: A Social History of Gambling in America (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1997), p. 31. 36. Ibid., p. 37.

Treatment Methods for Patients Diagnosed with Hepatitis C Virus Essay

Looking at treatment methods for patient diagnosed with Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Grogan and Timmons performed a quantitative study to look at patients’ experiences with a clinical specialist (2010). In reviewing this article, further discussion will include the study’s research design, participant assignment, data collection, and results. Focus Question Grogan and Timmons’ article state that their main focus â€Å"is to explore patients’ perceptions of the support they received from the nurse specialist in a HCV outpatient clinic of a National Hepatology Centre† (2010, p. 2871). Three main objectives or outcomes are then clarified, including â€Å"to identify the demographic profile of the study group†¦ to explore patients’ level of satisfaction with information and psychological support received†¦ [and] to determine if demographic variables impact† (2010, p. 2871). This study looked at â€Å"106 patients with a diagnosis of HCV attending a HCV outpatient clinic† (2010, p. 2869) with no intervention identified being that the study’s design format was of a descriptive nature. Research Design As the HCV study performed by Grogan and Timmins was of a quantitative descriptive design, randomized controlled trial was not carried out. The descriptive approach seems appropriate in nature for the aim and objectives being sought out. This study searches to find how patients view a nurse specialist and the treatments received at an outpatient clinic, for which a questionnaire regarding HCV treatment and satisfaction levels seems fitting (Grogan & Timmins, 2010). Repeating research on this topic could help to determine optimal treatment methods for those diagnosed with HCV. Further research could also have the potential to provide insigh... ...acological treatment therapy of HCV patients has been shown to provide psychological support as well as offer a sounding board for questions through the study conducted by Grogan and Timmins (2010). Clinical specialists aid in the patients ease of gaining knowledge such as the disease process itself, prevention on spreading the disease, and ways to maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle. Repeated studies need to be conducted to increase validity and reliability of the results provided by Grogan and Timmins, but this study provides a solid base for which to form other studies on HCV and various treatment opportunities. Works Cited Grogan, A., & Timmins, F. (2010). Patients' perceptions of information and support received from the nurse specialist during HCV treatment. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(19/20), 2869-2878. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03239

Parents in child’s life Essay

Parents are an integral part of any child’s life. They are his safe haven, his stepping stones and his personal cheerleaders. They are the people who create a person in the first place hence he/she owes their existence to them (Laura, 11). They give a child his name, his characteristics and his personality. They also give him both his negative and positive traits. So, in my opinion it is a foregone conclusion that parents’ identities do affect their children and in a key way. Some children may be affected more than the others but that everyone is affected by his mother and father’s identity to some extent (however small) is indisputable. I will try to explain in my essay how the children are affected and also why they are influenced the way they are. The first important way in which a parent’s identity determines their kid’s identity is their lineage. Kids in almost every part of the world are recognized by their parents’ pedigree or roots. Even we as teenagers automatically classify our friends as African-Americans, Caucasian, Asian, Jewish and Muslim etc. Whether we like it not, whether it is identity and religious stereotyping or not, the fact remains that we are recognized by both our parent’s history and their religion. In the contemporary world, with all the talk of eradicating borders and walls between people, the fact remains that we still recognize people this way. Why, some may ask. Though no definite answer, it maybe because of the prejudices this world builds into us as kids where the color of a man’s skin or the God he believes in is more important than the quality of his heart. A child’s character is also affected by their parent’s identity (Dr. Haim, 201). We see the proof all around us. If a child’s parents lie, chances are that the child will learn to do so too. If they stress on the importance of honesty, the child may grow up to possess an honest nature. This is because even before a child comes into contact with his friends, his parents remain the sole and most complete influence in his life at least until he is five or six. It is the parents who define the ‘innate’ characteristics of a child. Other than identity and character, a child’s education and career is also affected by his parent’s identities. Most of the times, it has been seen that kids are only serious about their studies when they are pressurized to do well at home and enthusiastic interest is taken in their child’s studies by both parents. This point that I am enumerating now may seem to apply more to the Eastern world then the Western one where independence and choice are quite important. But in many Asian countries, kids are often encouraged to take after their father or pursue careers that most of their relatives make a living off. Example a doctor may want his son to take after him and an engineer may want his kids to take an interest in physics and math. So, in a way, even a kid’s livelihood is affected by their parent’s professions. The reason to this may be because people often feel safer when their kids are following their line of profession as they believe their kids will receive the necessary support from them. In short, it is fear of the unknown on the part of the parents. Another important area where parent’s identities influence their children is in the child’s perception of himself/herself. An apt example over here can be of India where the caste system is still staunchly followed (Thomas, 109). The lower castes (or Untouchables as they are called) are often ostracized and treated like animals. Many higher caste Hindus consider themselves polluted even if a whiff of their scent touches them. These so-called-Untouchables accept this inhumane treatment without question. Psychologists believe it is because of their low self-image. Therefore, even their kids suffer from low self-esteem. This is a classic case of parents’ perception influencing their child’s opinion of himself. Of course, like every rule in the world, there are exceptions. There may be many instances when a child is not influenced by his parent’s identities and rises above it. An example is of Indian pop icon, Abhijeet Sawant, born into India’s lowest caste, but successful in becoming one of the country’s most famous pop stars. In our country itself, there are numerous examples. The creator of Peanuts, Charles Schultz was born in a very poor family. He did not let his parent’s identity as slum dog poor affect him. Another example is of veteran model Janice Richardson. She was born to an alcoholic mother (which says a lot about low self-perception) but grew up to be a cult icon in the world of modeling. Another very important exception is the orphans or kids from broken homes. I take nothing away from them when I say that some of them never even know their parents so there is no point of their getting influenced by them. They choose life and career paths and have characters that may be completely different form the people who gave birth to them. To conclude, there are always such exceptions but they are far and few in between. Most of the times, a person’s parent’s identity does tend to influence their kids minds in a large way. The reason for this may be that most of us look up to our parents and want to enumerate them. But having said this, seeing the current world phenomenon, parent’s hold on their kids may be more absolute in the Eastern world than the Western. Works Cited A Book Dr. Haim G Ginott. Between Parent and Child. Crown. (Jul 22, 2003). Thomas, G. Parent Effectiveness Training. Three Rivers Press. (Oct 31, 2000) Laura Davis. Becoming the Parent You Want To Be. Broadway. (Feb 3, 1997)

Essay Put yourself in the role of Detective Garrison Essay

Put yourself in the role of Detective Garrison. You must now write a report explaining what Renee might have said with regard to the above questions. You should use all of your knowledge about blood pressure and the information from this case to explain each of the following aspects of blood pressure and discuss their relation to the above questions. Describe the role of the nervous system, adrenal glands, kidneys and pituitary as appropriate to the relation of each of the seven factors listed below: 1. Peripheral resistance 2. Heart rate 3. Venous return 4. Stroke volume 5. Cardiac output 6. End systolic and diastolic2. What were the specifi c eff ects of the Lasix, hot water, and alcohol on the couple’s blood pressure? 3. What could the body have done to reverse the decreasing blood pressure, if it had been possible? 4. Identify several procedures that might have helped save the couple if they had been found unconscious but still above water and alive. Essay Put yourself in the role of Detective Garrison. You must now write a report explaining what Renee might have said with regard to the above questions. You should use all of your knowledge about blood pressure and the information from this case to explain each of the following aspects of blood pressure and discuss their relation to the above questions. Describe the role of the nervous system, adrenal glands, kidneys and pituitary as appropriate to the relation of each of the seven factors listed below: 1. Peripheral resistance 2. Heart rate 3. Venous return 4. Stroke volume 5. Cardiac output 6. End systolic and diastolic2. What were the specifi c eff ects of the Lasix, hot water, and alcohol on the couple’s blood pressure? 3. What could the body have done to reverse the decreasing blood pressure, if it had been possible? 4. Identify several procedures that might have helped save the couple if they had been found unconscious but still above water and alive. Essay Put yourself in the role of Detective Garrison. You must now write a report explaining what Renee might have said with regard to the above questions. You should use all of your knowledge about blood pressure and the information from this case to explain each of the following aspects of blood pressure and discuss their relation to the above questions. Describe the role of the nervous system, adrenal glands, kidneys and pituitary as appropriate to the relation of each of the seven factors listed below: 1. Peripheral resistance 2. Heart rate 3. Venous return 4. Stroke volume 5. Cardiac output 6. End systolic and diastolic2. What were the specifi c eff ects of the Lasix, hot water, and alcohol on the couple’s blood pressure? 3. What could the body have done to reverse the decreasing blood pressure, if it had been possible? 4. Identify several procedures that might have helped save the couple if they had been found unconscious but still above water and alive. Essay Put yourself in the role of Detective Garrison. You must now write a report explaining what Renee might have said with regard to the above questions. You should use all of your knowledge about blood pressure and the information from this case to explain each of the following aspects of blood pressure and discuss their relation to the above questions. Describe the role of the nervous system, adrenal glands, kidneys and pituitary as appropriate to the relation of each of the seven factors listed below: 1. Peripheral resistance 2. Heart rate 3. Venous return 4. Stroke volume 5. Cardiac output 6. End systolic and diastolic

Homefield Advantage

Laurence Daniel Jan. 17, 2010 EN 102 D Creative 1 Home Field Advantage It is time to separate fact from myth. The weather is perfect. The stadium is at capacity. The fans are screaming at the top of their lungs, but is this all for nothing? Every sport has fans that love and support their teams. Some people even adjust their schedules to make sure that they can attend every single game. When they arrive the atmosphere is intense. So intense, in fact, that it becomes hard for people to hear others sitting nearby. Some people strongly believe that this â€Å"intensity† affects the way that the players play their game. Most believe that the home-team has some sort of advantage over the opposition. People love a competitive football game, but more than anything, they love to see their teams win. However, given the so-called home field advantage, is it becoming unfair for fans to attend their favorite teams’ games? Research shows that home field advantage gives the home-team an edge, but not much of one. Football players report that some stadiums are tougher to play in than others because of the acoustics. Some stadiums can reach noise levels up to 127 decibels. With all that noise and distraction, teams have now started to train for these extremely nosy crowds. To go into a stadium and defeat a team who has the crowd on their side is always a great feeling, which disproves the idea that it might somewhat unfair to have home field advantage. It turns out home field advantage is one of those unknown factors that can help or not help any team at any time. There is a certain advantage to playing on home field, but whether it is enough depends on the team. It would be impossible to eliminate this â€Å"advantage† without taking away the fans in the seats. Sports are supposed to be fun, and without the fans, what is left? It is time we stop stressing over something that is simply part of the game.

Family Presence Article Critique

Family Presence Article Critique Inez Robbins Liberty University November 26, 2012 Abstract Family presence at the bedside during resuscitation is starting to become standard protocol in many emergency departments but research is limited in this area. The objective of the article reviewed is to explore the nurse’s perception of the benefit and/or harm to the family in a facility that has well established family presence protocols. The nurses’ perceptions of the effects on the family provide a positive influence on both the family members and the interdisciplinary team that is caring for the patient.The study confirmed long-term participation yields positive effects on the perception of family presence at the bedside during resuscitation in the emergency department. The nursing perception offers insight on the care and compassion towards the family in their critical time of need. Future nursing implications, future nursing research, and ethical implications are discussed , as there is a further need for education and research in these areas of professional nursing development. Key words: Family presence, resuscitation, nurse, perception.Family Presence Article Critique Review of Article A review of the Elinar Lowry, PhD, RN’s article â€Å"It’s Just What We Do†: A Qualitative Study of Emergency Nurses Working with Well-Established Family Presence Protocol published in the Journal of Emergency Nursing volume 38, number four in July of 2012 aims to describe the benefits and harm to patients family members who were present during patient resuscitation based on the perceptions of nurses whom work within a facility with an established family presence protocol.The article describes a study performed in which fourteen emergency room nurses’ perception of their experiences with family presence during resuscitation is documented. The facility in which all fourteen nurses were employed had a family presence protocol since 1992 (Low ry, 2012). There were pointed open-ended questions asked. These questions were meant to allow the nurses to elaborate on experiences that were both positive and negative. The results of the study found that nurses perceived there were benefits experienced by the family in several ways (Lowry, 2012).Some of these were: family was able to see the evolution of events or the patient’s progress during the resuscitation. The family was also able to confirm the effort used to save their loved one. Lastly, nurses confirmed that they felt the families appreciated that everything possible was done to save their family member. There was no perception of harm done to the family through observation of resuscitative measures (Lowry, 2012). Future Nursing Practice Implications of this study for future nursing practice suggest that long-term participation is directly related to acceptance of family presence by nursing.This information is encouraging for nurses whom wish to write and establis h family presence protocols within their facilities (Lowry, 2012). Care should be taken to identify and educate on tolerance of family member behaviors. Family presence protocols should also include limitations for the number of family members allowed at the bedside during resuscitative measures so that the staff members feel secure and comfortable with family presence practices (Lowry, 2012).Future Nursing Research Implications for future nursing research related to family presence should include family members who take part in family presence. All staff members should be surveyed to conclude the overall cultural belief on family presence (Lowry, 2012). Other potential topics for studies include: the right time to request the family’s presence, how to integrate new hire nurses into a potentially unfamiliar family presence protocol or practice (Lowry, 2012). Ethical IssuesAll of the nurses interviewed during this study held that family presence during resuscitation was the et hically right thing. Some of the nurses reported feelings of personal anguish at the family members grieving their loved ones. They also describe compassionate care to those family members (Lowry, 2012). References Lowry, E. (2012). â€Å"It’s just what we do†: A qualitative study of emergency nurses working with well-established family presence protocol. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 38(4). 329-334. doi:10. 106/j. jen. 2010. 12. 016

HRM Case Study on Home Depot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HRM Case Study on Home Depot - Essay Example ces in which men and women were diverted to certain types of jobs based on their gender since the company believed that their productivity would be higher by placing these workers in specific areas. Home Depot separated women and men workers into two separate categories of workers. Men were given most of the floor position based on the belief that men have more general knowledge about home repairs, while women were given most of the cashier positions based on the assumption that they are more suitable for these jobs and the fact that the resume pool showed that more women have experience as cashiers than men do. The end result of this practice was that the composition of the jobs at Home Depot followed a peculiar distribution which proved Home Depot was intentionally segmenting the jobs among gender. The work employment data of Home Depot showed that 70% of men work as floor employees, while 70% of women worked in cashier positions. This type of discrimination is a type of discrimination called statistical discrimination. Statistical discrimination findings are most commonly used to detect racial discrimination cases, but the underlying principles of the discrimination apply th e same for gender bias as it does for racial bias. Statistical discrimination occurs when an employer makes a hiring or work placement decision based on subjective beliefs about the respective probability that white and black workers are respectively qualified for (People). In the Home Depot case instead of black and white the statistical discrimination occur based on man and women segmentation. The business strategy the company utilized had a solid foundation and was the driving force behind the move. Men have culturally in our society have been the ones that do most of the household repairs, thus the company wanted to capitalize on this fact in order to enhance their customer service capabilities. The company knew they were doing something illegal and wanted to hide the illegal activity

Write about a single special needs area mine is ( ADHD). research that Essay

Write about a single special needs area mine is ( ADHD). research that special needs area - Essay Example What once was dubbed as an immaturity is now classified as a disorder.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a mental condition that is characterized by age-inappropriate features of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity (Heward, 2006). The DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria focuses on a persistent pattern of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity or both, with emphasis on the frequency and severity than is typical among individuals of the same age. Inattention is defined failure to focus attention on those elements of the environment that are most relevant to the task at hand. On the other hand, hyperactivity is the excessive psychomotor activity which is out of proportion to the situation while impulsivity is the tendency to act suddenly without giving it much thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has a wide array of symptoms that could very well mimic those of other conditions. This warrants a thorough assessment process by developmental pediatricians, psychiatrists and other mental health professionals to rule out other disorders. This entails complete medical examination, review of medications, dietary habits and living conditions. ADHD can be classified as predominantly inattentive type, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type, or a combined type (Heward, 2006). ADHD combined type has both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity for the past 6 months while ADHD predominantly inattentive type has only inattention for the past 6 months. Subsequently, ADHD hyperactivity-impulsivity has only hyperactive and impulsive symptoms prevalent for the past 6 months.   Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is the most common neurobehavioral disorder among school-age children (Antai-Otong, 2003). It is estimated that 3-5% of all school-age children have ADHD (American Psychiatric Association, as cited in Heward, 2006). This translates

Medical oncologists job satisfaction in light of Medicare Dissertation

Medical oncologists job satisfaction in light of Medicare reimbursement cuts, new legislation such as the Sunshine Act and burno - Dissertation Example The levels of job satisfaction have a strong influence in the efficient performance of job related functions. In the case of the physicians and nursing professionals the lower the levels of job satisfaction, the less efficiency in the delivery o patient care, and lower the patient satisfaction in the care received (Burke, 2004). It is for this reason that more than four decades earlier a key factor in health care delivery was the emphasis in attempts to increase the job satisfaction levels among physicians and nursing professionals, with a lot of concentration on financial rewards and improved working conditions. Evidence from studies subsequently has shown that these efforts have not produced the desired results. Over the past decade physician job level satisfaction has declined significantly, and is gauged by the lack of willingness to repeat their studies in medicine, were the option available to them (Burke, 2004). A key dimension that has emerged in the delivery of healthcare cu rrently is the requirement for lowering the costs in the delivery of care, but at the same time maintaining higher levels of quality in the delivery care. In addition there are changes that have occurred in the market place involving increase in competition and legislative financial pressures that are consistent with the requirement for lowering costs and increasing quality in the delivery of healthcare. ... tant exposure to the suffering of their patients, loss of patients, and the grief of the survivors, and are expected to provide relief in all these circumstances. In other words the normal practice of medical oncologists is stressful (Cherny & Catane, 2004). In addition to work pressures, medical oncologists face added financial stress coming from legislative action that will cause cut in Medicare re-imbursement from 2012 onwards (Walsh, 2011). 2. Aim of the Study The aim of the study is to evaluate job satisfaction among medical oncologists in the face of the increased challenges that they face in their practice of health care. 3. Objectives of the Study This study has three objectives, which are: 1. Evaluate the impact of Medicare reimbursement cuts on job satisfaction among medical oncologists. 2. Evaluate the impact of the Sunshine Act on job satisfaction among medical oncologists. 3. Analyse the impact of burnout due to work and family conflict on job satisfaction among medical oncologists. 4. Significance of the Study The elderly population in the United States of America (USA) is growing, which will place increased demands on providing care for their health needs. The incidence of cancer is known to rise with age. In addition, derived from the benefits advances in medical science there is and increase in the survivorship of cancer patients. Hence there will be increasing demand for medical oncologists to meet the health care needs of the general population, as well as the growing elderly segment. In a recent study conducted by the American Society of Clinical Oncology there is already a shortage of medical oncologists that will only worsen over the next decade. The study forecasts that in 2020 12,547 oncologists will be added to the strength of practicing

Transportation Security at U.S. Seaports Research Paper

Transportation Security at U.S. Seaports - Research Paper Example The United States is one of the countries with the largest coastlines across the entire globe. This provides it a number or sea ports and sea shores to use in both transport activities, especially the exports and imports trade, whereby the country brings in new products from other countries while exporting its own products to different other countries. Furthermore, these seaports equally act as entry points for people from different countries who want to visit the United States. As such, it creates a transportation avenue, whereby congestion at the seaports due to transport activities is a common aspect. However, the traffic of people and goods leaving and entering the United States through its ports poses a security threat to the entire country at large. This is especially at the backdrop of the 9/11 terrorist attack carried out on the U.S. soil whereby nearly 3,000 people lost their lives.  As such, the security at these seaports within the United States is of crucial importance to all state actors, especially the innocent and naà ¯ve passengers who use the ports for daily activities, such as fishing and transportation. Currently, the number of seaports within the United States stands at over 300. Each of these ports is different in its own manner and style, as well as the intended purposes and daily activities. As mentioned earlier and going by the statistics of the losses suffered in 2001 after the September 11 terrorist attack, the issue of security is of grave importance to the operations carried out at these sea ports.

Journal Of Course Readings Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journal Of Course Readings - Coursework Example Nevertheless its study is still of great importance in order to grasp the dynamics of the cognitive capacities of a human being. P.D. REYNOLDS A theory no matter how abstract it may be presented is still bound by reality, it can be a result of experiments, observations, or simply the product of insights on how something works or how it comes into existence. But ultimately these theories start with a simple idea. DAVID HUME To further delve into the concept of what actually is an idea and what gives birth to it, there is a need to understand its origins. In or daily existence we perceive a lot of things, which are consciously or unconsciously stored in our memory. Different perceptions stored in our minds in the form of memory or imagination mimic the sensations, perceived by the body’s five senses, in so far as representing the perception based on its characteristics. (e.g. how a body shivers whenever feeling cold) But can never fully copy the force of the actual perception fe lt by the body (Hume, 2008, p.7). Hence we often come across phrases such as â€Å"we can almost taste† what a certain food actually tastes like. Otherwise if no such limitation is placed, an individual would be able to transcend the need for physical contact or worse madness may set in. Feeling an emotion is different from thinking how that same emotion felt like. Thus it is worth noting that, of all the thoughts that an individual posses about different subjects that he or she had encountered, it is the vaguest of these thoughts that make a person’s ideas. If an individual does not have a clear perception in mind about a certain subject all the information pertaining to that subject will simply be impressions of the individual. Such impressions can be correct or incorrect, or based on the individuals innate nature or referenced from another impression. Thus we can also come across a phrase like, â€Å"I was under the impression† that this was how it was suppos ed to be done. KARL POPPER Due to an individual’s orientation and or nature one can develop ideas into theories, scientific or non scientific in nature, and through the criticism that these theories yields more objective knowledge as it opens the door to more questions and possibilities for its own improvement or paves the way for it to be debunked. Nonetheless the process of criticizing a theory rather than holding on to its proposed validity ensures that it is cleared of any biases, and false claims thus promoting objectivity even more. T. KUHN Furthermore if a theory can be criticized then it is not farfetched that a deviation from a long standing train of thought brought about by a theory is possible. A paradigm shift, or an event of deviation from a widely known belief founded to incur several anomalies. Hence, a shift is needed, once an established theory is proven to be unprecedented and sufficiently open-ended. Much like in conducting an experiment, in order to prove its validity, repetitive experiments are done to gain acceptance in the research community. There are different kinds of paradigm which can explain parts and parcel of different events. Such weakness prevents them to gain notable success. Paradigm shift is a radical idea in expounding and establishing new concepts that contributes to contemporary beliefs and making them more sophisticated and comprehensive theories.

Proposal writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal writing - Essay Example This movie Rain Man depicts Raymond as a high-functioning autistic person from which nothing much is expected; living among so many other people with disabilities who expected much from him. Raymond’s doctors and other friends used to look at him as a person who was always in his world and one who was not able to establish a relationship. Throughout the movie also, Raymond is seen to contribute a lot towards his brother’s character and behavioural change. For the reason of depicting Raymond as one individual from whom nothing is expected, I am convinced to think that this movie portrays disabled people in a negative way (Lee 883-900). Nevertheless, Raymond is honesty and caring; he can remember some dates and addresses and knows many truths about baseball. Moreover, Raymond is shown to have the capabilities of tackling difficult sums in his head and a great ability to count cards. However, despite such nice characters and mental power from a person with autism the movie still shows that his ability and character is being taken advantage of and therefore the movie continues to portray disabled people in a negative way. Raymond is also very good in self-advocacy since he succeeded in explaining to his brother that he did not want to fly and hence they drove. Since Raymond was re-united with his brother through social character, it is unfair for the movie to depict him as an antisocial person who can’t make a relationship. He shows lots of care to his brother through counting cards for him and helping him financially without questioning. For all these reasons therefore, Raymond according to me does not deserve to have been depicted in a manner likely to suggest that he is useless and cannot contribute to the society (Lee 883-900). The reason why I decided to come up with this adaptation is that so many people currently are finding pleasure in watching movies and it is likely that the negative depiction of the disabled character in

Rock n Roll and Social Change in the USA and Britain Essay

Rock n Roll and Social Change in the USA and Britain - Essay Example Rock n roll developed in a period where after a century of racial tensions in the United States after the Civil War, the segregation system was essentially falling apart. This is reflected in the origins of the music itself where despite its mainly African American origins; it ended up being increasingly popular among largely white youths. The call for racial harmony seen in this music can be considered to have been a reflection of the way that society had essentially come to be weary of racism and segregation and was seeking a new path through the initiative of the youth within it. The coming together of black music and a largely white youth audiences can be considered to have been a reflection of changes that were taking place concerning the perception of race in society as individuals sought to freely interact with members of other races without the restrictions that were being place on them by traditions and laws (Lipzitz, 1989, p.267). It was a fight for the rights of minority r aces in the United States where they had been kept under the dominance of white people for centuries. The rise of rock n roll got the attention of white supremacists and racists who reacted strongly towards it by claiming that it broke down the barriers that had been put in place to ensure that there was a permanent separation of the races . Moreover, rock n roll can be considered to have been a challenge to the status quo in society where youth from all races worked together to ensure that the barriers that separated them were removed . The exportation of this genre of music to Britain was also highly influential because it allowed for a display of the war weariness that had taken grip of the country after the Second World War.

Information systems of business Essay Example for Free

Information systems of business Essay A business have to manage lots of different information. All information systems have 2 big issues, one is the organisation who receive the information and the other is that appropriate members of staff gets the information. A number of policies have to be put in place concerning security of information, backups, health and safety, organisational policies, costs and increasing sophistication. Security of information can be an operational issue. It is all about maintaining the integrity and availability of organisational information and knowledge. Managers need to have the right information available at the right time to make good decisions. The reliance on technology to store information increases which means the risk posed by system failure and malicious attack from viruses also increases. IT security policy should take into account common risks to information the business relies upon. This policy should include secure login id for IT systems and controls that limit access to information. Backups are also an operational issue these are stores on separate hardware from the live versions of the information. Health and safety can be an operational issue. There are many regulations concerning health and safety. The Health Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 this is the minimum requirements for work stations and includes the extent to which employers must ensure that workstations meet the requirements laid down in this schedules, the equipment, the environment and the interface between the computer and operator. Another is the management of health and safety at work regulations 1992 this is that every imployer shall provide his employees with comprehensible and relevant information.

The Defining Characteristics of Ancient Egypt Essay Example for Free

The Defining Characteristics of Ancient Egypt Essay As ancient civilizations began to be recovered by archeologists and theories abounded, Vere Gordon Childe took the reins and wrote on his findings for nearly the last forty years of his life. Indeed, Childe was the first to â€Å"[view] the development of cultures as homotaxial, [which] led Childe to define stages of civilization according to social and economic patterns . † It is this approach that led archeologists to view ancient civilizations as prospering economies and has helped to set the characteristics for further defining them. Ancient Egypt, for example, can be defined by three major elements: the effects of the first wars in Egypt, the hieroglyphics that define Egypt as a literary culture, and the parliamentary Egypt, that of Kingdoms, Empires, and City-States. Ancient Egypt was not a warring nation and did not seek out new territories and conquest. In fact, during the Old Kingdom, the pharaohs were mostly involved in their people, their governments, and in building their economy. However, it was not to last. The early Asiatics invaded Egypt and brought the fall of the Old Kingdom. For the first time, Egypt had to set up defenses and plan for attacks from their surrounding nations and during the Middle Kingdom, Egypt took great strides to protect themselves from the warring and invading barbarians. By the New Kingdom, Egypt had become a vast military power and the neighboring nations had much to fear from retaliatory conquest and invasion. Egypt was not the simple, quiet nation that they once were—they were a powerful, wealthy nation that saw conquest as a way to further enrich their people and nation. Another way in which ancient Egypt can be defined characteristically is through their hieroglyphics. Egyptian hieroglyphics are one of the most complex languages in history; and, throughout archeological study, it is one of the few languages that has lasted without change for centuries. Indeed, â€Å"perhaps no modern society, with the possible exception of France, has such a preoccupation with the purity of language as the Egyptian society does . † Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics tell many stories: that of love, war, and planting seasons. They were, undeniably, as literary a nation as any have ever been. Finally, the development of Egyptian parliamentary procedures has a set of characteristics not seen in any other ancient nation. Egypt began with a ruling pharaoh—known affectionately as the â€Å"pyramid builders† who created the most striking and remarkable archeology in history with each new ruling leader. Pharaohs ruled their kingdoms for life, at which time their throne passed on to a son or relative—unless the family was overthrown. And, it is at the end of these reigns that war, strife, and even prosperousness have made their marks on Egypt—most notably, the end of the Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom, which brought rulers strikingly different from those of the past as Egypt moved to prosperity as a nation and war for conquest. Overall, as archeologists know, â€Å"no more difficult task confronts the historian than to trace the gradual emergence of a civilization, since this necessarily belongs to ages where written documents are either non-existent or very scanty . † It is through their tiring study that ancient Egypt and the characteristics that define it as a nation have emerged. Of these characteristics, a study of ancient war, hieroglyphics, and Egyptian parliamentary procedures mark Egypt most profoundly, differentiating it from other ancient nations. Bibliography. Asante, Molefi Kete. (2002). Culture and Customs of Egypt. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Childe, Vere Gordon. (1956). Piecing Together the Past: The Interpretation of Archelogical Data. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. Erman, Adolf. (2001). Life in Ancient Egypt, Vol. 2. London: Macmillian. Gardiner, Alan. (1964). Egypt of the Pharoahs: An Introduction. London: Oxford UP. Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. and Jeremy A. Sabloff. (1979). Ancient Civilizations: The Near East and Mesoamerica. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing.

Contrasting Edmund Burke And Jean Jacque Rousseau Politics Essay

Contrasting Edmund Burke And Jean Jacque Rousseau Politics Essay Two of the most influential political philosophers of the 18th century were Edmund Burke and Jean-Jacque Rousseau. That is not to say that the two men shared the same philosophical views, however; in fact, it could be argued that they were on the opposite sides of the political spectrum, with Burke on the right and Rousseau to the left. A classic example that showed the differing opinions among the two was the French Revolution. Burke was not in favor of the revolution because he maintained that it would disrupt the traditions of France that hold the country together. Rousseau, on the other hand, was a hero of the revolution because he championed liberty and the idea that the people should be in control on how they should be governed. It is amazing to think that two philosophers, having very different perspectives on politics, can both be influential during the same time period. One of the core aspects of Jean-Jacque Rousseaus philosophy was what man was like in the state of nature. In the Second Discourse, Rousseau explained that people were equal and free going back tens of thousands of years because there was no real societal organization to speak of. Since life was centralized on hunting and gathering food, people were, for the most part, equal in terms of societal stature. People were relatively free because no one had to answer to a higher authority, with the family structure being the only exception. Since people were free and equal, they were innocent and individualistic in nature. There were no outside forces that had a corruptive effect on people and there was no reason for groups of people to band together to form a society. According to Rousseau, the development of reason and private property rights ruined equality and freedom because they lead to the few dominating the many. As populations started to grow, there was a greater need for more socie tal hierarchy due to the complex nature of communities, thus less freedom and more inequality. Even though society today believes that reason is a positive thing, Rousseau insisted that progress brought the worst out in people. Rousseau was not necessarily arguing in favor of going back to the time of early humans per se. He knew that society was a point of no return, so he had to be somewhat practical. What he was arguing was to return to the roots of equality and freedom as much as practically possible. The way to achieve that goal politically, Rousseau argued in the Social Contract for a political system that put most of the power in the hands of the people and not the elites. Rousseau was a contract theorist, which meant that he believed that government should only operate with the consent of the people that it is governing. What set him apart from the other contract theorists was that he coined the term general will. What Rousseau meant was that all men should sacrifice their own individual power in order to give way to what he called the general will. In other words, all men give up some of their freedom in order to what is best for the society as a whole. The thing that is not so clear is the mechanism in finding out what the general will is. For example, is it the compilation of the opinions of individuals or is it something that is even greater than public opinion, such as having to understand human nature? Being that there were conflicting issues that faced Rousseaus politic al philosophy, he kept on falling back on the idea of radical democracy. Since Rousseau was so distrustful of political institutions in general, he felt that people should always have a seat at the table when it came to determining policy. With that being said, it would seem that Rousseau was not in favor of having a republican form of government. Instead, as noted before, he was more in favor of a radical democracy. For this reason, he was a hero of the French Revolution. The revolutionaries read Rousseaus work and were inspired to take action against the monarchy, even though Rousseau was not even alive when the revolution started. Abiding by the slogan of Liberty, equality, and fraternity! during the duration of the revolution, the revolutionaries took the cue from Rousseaus political philosophy. The practicality question enters the conversation again, however, when talking about Rousseaus radical democracy. Is it even possible for a country to function properly with every citizen participating? At what point would moving towards a representative government be too far for Rousseau? It would be interesting to find out the answers of these questions from Rousseau himself because he was more of a practical thinker than some people give him credit for. Rousseaus political philosophy would seem to be paradoxical when you think about it, which is why the interpretation of his work is still being debating to this day. Edmund Burke is widely regarded as the founder of the modern conservative ideology. Although he did not believe in adhering to abstract principles when governing, his body of work clearly showed that he valued tradition and stability above all else. Similar to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, nature played a significant role for Burke when developing his political philosophy. Burke wrote that there are two natures. The first nature refers to: the idea that people love their families and that family provides a certain amount of stability and continuity, and that people are more comfortable with what is familiar to them. Burkes second nature refers to the acquired opinions that people accumulate throughout their lives, such as habits and customs. According to Burke, the second nature is what cements society because it provides the traditions that are passed down from generation to generation. As societies and times change, people should always hold on to the traditions that are passed down becau se they form the foundation of stability. Another plank in Burkes political philosophy is practicality. He did not believe that you can run a society based on abstract philosophy because it is not grounded in reality of the current situation. Rather, he was a pragmatist who looked at issues on their face value and tried to come up with solutions that fitted the time. That is not so say that he did not have any values, however. As noted before, he was a big believer in tradition and stability. Burke just argued that overarching philosophies cannot be applied the same in every circumstance because each circumstance has its own unique qualities. Burke is famous for his criticism of the French Revolution in Reflections on the Revolution in France. He was against the revolution because he believed that it would have destroyed Frances great traditions and that the theory and practicality behind the revolution were not sustainable. Burke did not agree with the revolutionists belief that government is created to protect the natural rights of individuals. Instead, he insisted that government was there as a stabilizing force so that people could live comfortably. Also, Burke believed that culture and tradition are more worthy in being protected than natural rights of individuals because they are much more long-lasting. Another problem that Burke had with the French Revolution was the idea that society can be formed from scratch. Burke asserted that societies cannot simply start over from scratch because he believed that leaders make prudent decisions based on the conditions that are in front of them. Installing a new political regime, in Burkes point of view, is not all that practical. With that being said, Burke was not a contract theorist because contract theory provides that a new society can be created by man. Rather, he saw society as an invisible link that connected generations to each other, carrying with it the established customs and institutions. These lasting institutions should be protected and respected due to the fact that they survived, thus showing their adaptability to changing times. It can certainly be argued that Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Edmund Burke had very different views when it came to their political philosophies. Rousseau was in favor of radical democracy and did not trust societal institutions, while Burke valued tradition and stability above everything else. However, there are commonalities that the two did share. One is that both of them believed that times change, so adhering to rigid ideologies was not the wisest thing to do. Rousseau admitted that early man practices were outdated, so he was not so stubborn to strictly stick to that belief system. He did believe that the themes of equality and freedom that was present during the days of early man were everlasting enough to still be applied to his present day. Burke also acknowledged that the world does not sit still. Even though he strongly believed that tradition and stability had to be protected, he knew that life moves on. The reason why he argued for the respect for traditions and institutions that have endured several generations is due to the fact that they showed their adaptability during changing times. Related to the two mens shared view of not sticking to a rigid ideology, Rousseau and Burke both had nuanced political philosophies; neither of their philosophies were black and white. Rousseaus philosophy was so nuanced that it could be considered contradicting, as noted before. In the Social Contract, he famously said, Man was born free and everywhere he is in chains. But later on in the same work he argued for the general will and that sometimes men must be forced to be free. One could make the case that he was a libertarian, while another could equally claim that he was a totalitarian. Burke was nuanced to a lesser extent than Rousseau, but nuanced nonetheless. He knew that holding on to the past can only go so far, which is why he asserted that while times does go on, it is still important to carry on the traditions and culture that were passed on by previous generations. An interesting thing to note about Burke is that he was in favor of the American Revolution. This goes to show that he was not against all revolutions, again showing his nuanced approach to politics. The reason why he supported the American Revolution is because the colonists were not creating a society from scratch. The colonists, descendants of England, were committed to English ideas and principles. The only difference was that they wanted to a free and independent nation. The French revolutionaries, on the other hand, were hell-bent on creating a whole new political paradigm. As far as my opinion is concerned, I think that both Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Edmund Burke contributed significantly to the field of political philosophy. Even though they had different thoughts on how government should operate, both of them had valid points. I agree with Rousseau that people should have a say in the way that they should be governed because history has shown that democracies have been the most peaceful form of government and it seems to be the most fair system (at least so far). But I agree with Burke as far as remembering your societys history and culture because you would not be where you are in life if it wasnt for previous generations. I also concur with Burke that society should not change too quickly, as it might cause instability that might do more harm than good. It turns out that I am quite nuanced with my approach to political philosophy, just as Rousseau and Burke were.